Foraminifera in Cenozoic Paleoenvironments

INTRODUCTION Microfossilsaregenerallythemostversatileand “useful”offossilsforbothcorrelationandagedeter minationandpaleoenvironmentalanalysis.Among microfossilstheforaminiferaarepre eminent(Fig. 1).Wefindinthesamesample—beitoutcropor subsurface,onshor…     

东北帕米尔中新世中下地壳物质的折返过程：公格尔西滑脱剪切带的构造变形与年代学证据

公格尔西滑脱剪切带位于东北帕米尔公格尔片麻岩穹窿西缘。通过我们详细的野外观测、显微构造观察、石英电子背散射衍射(EBSD)测试以及锆石U-Pb测年,对公格尔西滑脱剪切带的几何学、运动学特征及其形成演化时限进行了研究。公格尔西滑脱剪切带糜棱岩中大量的石榴子石、矽线石和蓝晶石等表明其为高级变质产物。S/C组构、旋转碎斑及不对称褶皱等变形现象说明剪切带上盘向W或SW低角度剪切的运动特征。高级变质糜棱岩和浅色岩脉记录约20 Ma的206 U-238Pb锆石年龄,说明公格尔西滑脱剪切带初始形成于早中新世。结合前人研究成果,我们认为公格尔西滑脱剪切带曾是狭长的帕米尔中下地壳滑脱带的最北段。由于新生代印度亚洲大陆碰撞以后印度板块仍持续向N俯冲推进,帕米尔地壳由S向N开始增厚,进变质作用最初发生于南帕米尔,约20 Ma时到达北帕米尔。东北帕米尔中下地壳物质开始折返于中新世中期。而直到6~4 Ma,东北帕米尔公格尔地区开始快速隆起,此时公格尔新生代高级变质岩才快速折返。     

天山南麓库车晚新生代褶皱-冲断带

库车褶皱冲断带位于天山南麓,由近东西走向的多条构造带组成。三叠系暗色泥岩、侏罗系煤层、古近系库姆格列木组膏盐层和新近系吉迪克组膏盐层构成库车褶皱冲断带的区域性主滑脱面。褶皱冲断带底面由北向南逐渐抬高。褶皱冲断带主体发育盖层滑脱-冲断构造(薄皮构造),基底卷入型冲断构造(厚皮构造)见于北缘的根带。新生界膏盐层之上构造变形以滑脱褶皱为特色,之下以冲断构造为特色。库车褶皱冲断带是印度-亚洲碰撞远程效应下,(南)天山晚新生代造山过程的产物。褶皱冲断带构造变形的动力来源主要是造山楔向塔里木盆地推进所形成的挤压构造应力。褶皱冲断带构造变形的起始时间为约23Ma,构造变形具有阶段式加速的特点,已经识别出约23Ma、约10Ma、5~2Ma和1~0Ma共4个变形加速期。褶皱冲断带的演化过程为前展式,褶皱冲断带前锋向南推进的同时,后缘持续变形。     

川西龙门山前陆盆地晚新生代沉积记录与构造响应

龙门山前陆盆地位于青藏高原东缘,夹于龙门山推覆造山带与龙泉山褶断带之间。自4.6 Ma以来,逆冲推覆构造运动使龙门山造山带强烈隆升,古河流的侵蚀、搬运和堆积作用使盆地沉积了1套巨厚的半固结—松散堆积物。通过对沉积特征和沉积结构的综合研究,认为龙门山前陆盆地是由自东向西的深部多级俯冲潜滑而引起的浅部由西向东的多层次推覆作用形成的,其晚新生代逆冲推覆构造所产生的构造负载是龙门山前陆盆地的成盆动力。岩浆物质的循环过程表明成都盆地在形成过程中遵循物质循环与能量守恒定律。龙门山前陆盆地地质构造的沉积响应表现为:沉积基底整体上向西倾斜,盆地剖面明显不对称;沉积地层与下伏地层均为不整合接触;盆内发育了一系列相间排列的次级凹陷和凸起,并呈雁斜式展布;砾质粗碎屑楔状体的周期性发育。从盆地动力学的角度初步分析了龙门山前陆盆地盆-山耦合关系,龙门山冲断带及其前陆盆地的研究对于大地构造位置、成矿作用以及油气聚集地的勘探等具有重要意义。     

祁连山中段白垩纪以来阶段性构造抬升过程的磷灰石裂变径迹证据

祁连山作为青藏高原的东北边界,是研究青藏高原隆升和扩展的重要区域,利用磷灰石裂变径迹分析反映的祁连山地区白垩纪以来阶段性隆升和扩展新认识对理解青藏高原的隆升过程有重要的意义。分别采自南祁连陆块、疏勒南山—拉脊山缝合带、中祁连陆块和北祁连缝合带22个样品的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄介于(124±11)Ma与(13±2)Ma之间,平均径迹长度介于(13.6±2.3)μm和(10.3±1.8)μm之间。时间-温度反演模拟结果表明祁连山地区至少经历了3个重要构造活动阶段:1)白垩纪早期((129±14)~(115±17)Ma)祁连山隆升,南祁连陆块和疏勒南山—拉脊山缝合带的冷却速率及剥蚀速率均较大,并且祁连山南部可能率先抬升而初步构成高原的东北边界;2)白垩纪中晚期—中新世((115±17)~(25±7)Ma)祁连山构造平静,南祁连陆块和疏勒南山—拉脊山缝合带冷却速率及剥蚀速率均较低;3)中新世以来祁连山由南向北逐渐扩展,构造活动强烈而最终形成盆-山构造地貌格局。祁连山白垩纪早期的快速冷却过程可能是受拉萨地块和羌塘地块碰撞的影响;中新世以来向北扩展则主要是受印度—欧亚板块碰撞的影响。     

孟加拉湾若开海域晚新生代构造变形及其对油气的控制作用

利用钻井、二维和三维地震资料,剖析了孟加拉湾若开海域晚新生代的构造变形特征,探讨了构造变形对油气的控制作用。区域深度地质剖面揭示,研究区南部仅发育底部滑脱层(深度10 km),而北部则发育底部滑脱层(深度12 km)和中部滑脱层(深度4 km);受滑脱层的控制,研究区南部仅发育一套构造层,而北部则发育变形不协调的上、下两套构造层;南部背斜的南北向延伸距离、波长及背斜间隔距离均明显大于北部。通过北部局部构造精细解析表明,研究区北部变形相对较复杂,上构造层主要发育近南北向的背斜和次级张扭性右旋走滑断层,二者形成时间分别为晚第四纪和晚第四纪末。若开海域晚新生代的构造变形对圈闭形成、油气运聚和保存条件具有重要的控制作用。指出研究区南部平缓褶皱带构造—岩性复合圈闭具备形成大油气田的条件,是下一步油气勘探的重要目标。     

库车坳陷新生代构造应力场恢复

库车坳陷的构造变形及演化与南天山造山带的发育密切相关。库车坳陷新近纪以来的喜马拉雅晚期构造运动最为强烈,形成了天山山前大型冲断带,并造就了现今的构造格局。通过对库车坳陷北部构造样式的识别及各种应力场指示标志的测量、统计和构造解析,对野外获得的应力场指示标志划分了期次,认为喜马拉雅晚期应力场标志为近南北向挤压。结合库车坳陷区域构造要素,如地质体几何形态、边界条件、岩石力学参数等,运用弹性力学有限元数值模拟的方法获得了喜马拉雅晚期库车坳陷的区域应力场。模拟结果表明,库车坳陷喜马拉雅晚期最大主压应力方向为近南北向,与古应力场标志拟合较高,可以为库车坳陷裂缝预测和评价提供依据,对勘探开发有应用价值。     

滇西丽江地区新生代富碱斑岩年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

滇西丽江地区新生代富碱斑岩位于滇西“三江”褶皱造山带与扬子板块西南缘结合部位,岩石类型多样,可分为碱性岩和碱性花岗岩,前者主要有正长斑岩、正长岩及粗面斑岩;后者主要包括花岗斑岩、二长花岗斑岩及石英二长斑岩。锆石LA ICP MS U Pb定年研究确定区内斑岩结晶年龄为346～371 Ma,侵位于始新世晚期。碱性岩石的SiO2含量为5454%～6770%,K2O＞Na2O,具有钾玄岩的特征;碱性花岗岩的SiO2含量为6716%～7066%,K2O＜Na2O,具有高钾钙碱性的特征。两类岩石都具有富碱(Na2O+K2O=703%～1170%)和准铝质—弱过铝质(A/CNK=064～115)的特征。富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素(Sr、Ba、K、Pb等),相对亏损重稀土元素和高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti等),且具有高Sr、Sr/Y和La/Yb比值及低Y、Yb和镁值(Mg#＜05),表明区内斑岩兼具钾玄质岩石和埃达克质岩石的特征。综合研究认为,区内斑岩形成于印度－亚洲大陆碰撞造山的后碰撞阶段,其形成与减压熔融及幔源岩浆底侵促使增厚下地壳底部岩石发生部分熔融有关,是青藏高原东南缘构造转换带对主碰撞带造山作用过程的岩浆事件响应,进而分析确认本区具有斑岩-热液型金多金属矿床的找矿潜力,为深入认识丽江地区构造-岩浆-成矿作用提供了重要约束。     

Late Cenozoic Sedimentary Evolution of Pagri‐Duoqing Co graben,Southern End of Yadong‐Gulu Rift,Southern Tibet

The north trending rifts in southern Tibet represent the E–W extension of the plateau and confirming the initial rifting age is key to the study of mechanics of these rifts. Pagri–Duoqing Co graben is located at southern end of Yadong–Gulu rift, where the late Cenozoic sediments is predominately composed of fluvio-lacustrine and moraine. Based on the sedimentary composition and structures, the fluvio-lacustrine could be divided into three facies, namely, lacustrine, lacustrine fan delta and alluvial fan. The presence of paleo-currents and conglomerate components and the provenance of the strata around the graben indicate that it was Tethys Himalaya and High Himalaya. Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating and paleo-magnetic dating suggest that the age of the strata ranges from ca. 1.2 Ma to ca. 8 Ma. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating showed that moraine in the graben mainly developed from around 181–109 ka (late Middle Pleistocene). Combining previous data about the Late Cenozoic strata in other basins, it is suggested that 8–15 Ma may be the initial rifting time. Together with sediment distribution and drainage system, the sedimentary evolution of Pagri could be divided into four stages. The graben rifted at around 15–8 Ma due to the eastern graben-boundary fault resulting in the appearance of a paleolake. Following by a geologically quiet period about 8–2.5 Ma, the paleolake expanded from east to west at around 8–6 Ma reaching its maximum at ca. 6 Ma. Then, the graben was broken at about 2.5 Ma. At last, the development of the glacier separated the graben into two parts that were Pagri and Duoqing Co since the later stages of the Middle Pleistocene. The evolution process suggested that the former three stages were related to the tectonic movement, which determined the basement of the graben, while the last stage may have been influenced by glacial activity caused by climate change.     

Neotectonics of the Kharaulakh sector of the Laptev Shelf

Seismotectonic deformation and crustal stress pattern have been studied comprehensively in major seismogenic structures of the Kharaulakh sector of the Verkhoyansk fold system and adjacent parts of the Chersky seismotectonic zone. The study focuses on neotectonic structures, deep structure, and systems of active faults, as well as tectonic stress fields inferred by tectonophysical analysis of Late Cenozoic faults and folds. The results, along with geological and geophysical data, reveal main strain directions and structural patterns of crustal stress and strain in the Arctic segment of the Eurasia-North America plate boundary. The area is a junction of mid-ocean and continental structures evolving in a mixed setting of extension, compression, and their various combinations. The rotation pole of the two plates is presumably located near Buor-Khaya Bay. In this case, extension is expected to act currently upon the neotectonic structures north of the bay and compression to control those in the south and southeast. This inference is consistent with the identified zoning of stress and strain in the Kharaulakh sector.