温度及pH敏感性羟乙基甲壳素水凝胶的合成及其性能研究

为得到应用性能好的医用材料 ,用氯乙醇对甲壳素进行醚化改性 ,得到水溶性甲壳素衍生物———羟乙基甲壳素(Hydroxyethylchitin ,HECH) ,用丙三醇三缩水甘油醚 (PTGE)对羟乙基甲壳素进行交联 ,得到了新型的水凝胶。考察了不同交联度的水凝胶的 pH和温度敏感性 ,发现该水凝胶是pH敏感性水凝胶 ,在 pH <6.98的缓冲溶液中 ,凝胶的溶胀度随着 pH的下降而迅速增大 ,在 pH =1.0 0的缓冲溶液中 ,凝胶的溶胀度达到了最大值 ;在去离子水中凝胶的溶胀度随着温度的升高而增大 ,是“热胀型凝胶”。     

考虑膨胀应力和剪胀的深埋隧道弹塑性解

基于湿度应力场理论,推导了考虑膨胀应力和剪胀特性的圆形隧道开挖后围岩力学响应的弹塑性解。将隧道软弱围岩遇水膨胀现象视为湿度-应力耦合过程,基于Fick第二定律,推导了圆形隧洞围岩内湿度扩散非稳态解。采用非关联流动法则,获得了隧道高膨胀势区的应力和位移解答。以两种不同质量岩体开挖的隧洞为例,分析了膨胀围岩应力和变形的影响因素。结果表明,考虑膨胀应力（取决于围岩含水率变化和湿度膨胀系数）时,塑性区扩大,松动圈厚度增加,应力收敛变慢。当膨胀应力增大到一定程度时,塑性区将出现拉应力区。膨胀岩隧洞开挖遇水作用,膨胀应力增加的围岩变形远大于地应力引起的围岩变形。同时,应力剪胀对膨胀性围岩的变形影响不容忽视,尤其是在支护抗力较小的情况下,洞壁处径向位移增加显著。     

A coupled compressible flow and geomechanics model for dynamic fracture aperture during carbon sequestration in coal

This paper presents the development of a discrete fracture model of fully coupled compressible fluid flow, adsorption and geomechanics to investigate the dynamic behaviour of fractures in coal. The model is applied in the study of geological carbon dioxide sequestration and differs from the dual porosity model developed in our previous work, with fractures now represented explicitly using lower-dimensional interface elements. The model consists of the fracture-matrix fluid transport model, the matrix deformation model and the stress-strain model for fracture deformation. A sequential implicit numerical method based on Galerkin finite element is employed to numerically solve the coupled governing equations, and verification is completed using published solutions as benchmarks. To explore the dynamic behaviour of fractures for understanding the process of carbon sequestration in coal, the model is used to investigate the effects of gas injection pressure and composition, adsorption and matrix permeability on the dynamic behaviour of fractures. The numerical results indicate that injecting nonadsorbing gas causes a monotonic increase in fracture aperture; however, the evolution of fracture aperture due to gas adsorption is complex due to the swelling-induced transition from local swelling to macro swelling. The change of fracture aperture is mainly controlled by the normal stress acting on the fracture surface. The fracture aperture initially increases for smaller matrix permeability and then declines after reaching a maximum value. When the local swelling becomes global, fracture aperture starts to rebound. However, when the matrix permeability is larger, the fracture aperture decreases before recovering to a higher value and remaining constant. Gas mixtures containing more carbon dioxide lead to larger closure of fracture aperture compared with those containing more nitrogen.     

Swelling behaviour of GPA-reinforced expansive clay beds subjected to swell-shrink cycles

Granular pile-anchor (GPA) technique has been found to be an innovative foundation technique for expansive clays posing the dual problem of swelling and shrinkage. Swelling occurs during absorption of water and shrinkage during evaporation of water. Generally, in field expansive clay beds, swelling takes place during rainy seasons and shrinkage during summers. GPA is a recent innovative foundation technique devised to ameliorate the dual swell-shrink problem of structures founded on expansive clay beds. The other innovative techniques are drilled piers, belled piers and under-reamed piles. Laboratory scale model studies and field scale experiments on GPAs yielded useful results and revealed that swelling of expansive clay beds was effectively controlled by GPA technique. Studies on swell-shrink behaviour of GPA-reinforced clay beds have not been performed so far. This paper presents results obtained from laboratory scale model studies on GPA-reinforced expansive clay beds subjected to alternate cycles of swelling and shrinkage. The data presented in this paper pertain to the swelling of test clay beds under the influence of three swell-shrink cycles (N) spanning a time period of 300 days. The test clay beds were reinforced with varying number of GPAs (n = 0, 1, 2 and 3). Heave (mm) in a given swell-shrink cycle decreased with increasing number of GPAs. Further, for a given number of GPAs (n), heave (mm) also decreased with increase in depth from the top of the clay bed. It was found that the resultant thickness of the clay bed (H_r) for swelling increased with increasing number of cycles. However, the percentage heave (ΔH/H_r) decreased as the number of swell-shrink cycles (N) increased.     

Swell-compressibility characteristics of lime-blended and cement-blended expansive clays – A comparative study

Chemical stabilisation of expansive soils has been quite efficacious in reducing swelling characteristics, namely, swell potential (S%) and swelling pressure (p_s). When chemicals such as lime and cement are added to an expansive clay, flocculation and cementation take place. Flocculation, which is an immediate reaction, is instrumental in reducing plasticity and swell potential significantly. It also reduces the time required for equilibrium heave. This paper presents experimental data on lime-blended and cement-blended expansive clay specimens. Free swell index (FSI), heave, rate of heave and swelling pressure were studied. FSI, heave and rate of heave decreased with increasing lime content and cement content in the blends. But, during a 3-day inundation (a period, generally allowed for the sample to attain to equilibrium heave), cementitious products developed and resisted the applied compressive loads stiffly, resulting in high swelling pressures in the case of lime-blended specimens. Swelling pressure could not be determined in the case of cement-blended specimens. Hence, short inundation tests (inundating the specimens only for 15 minutes) were performed. But, even from these tests, swelling pressure could not be determined for cement-blended specimens. This indicated the development of strong cementitious products in them. It was interesting to find that, in both long and short duration, the lime- and cement-blended specimens attained to equilibrium heave in the same time period. FSI decreased from 185% to 63.63% when lime content was increased from 0% to 4%, and from 185% to 110% when cement content was increased from 0% to 20%. Swell potential reduced by 42.5% at 4% lime and by 46.4% at 20% cement. Swelling pressure increased from 210 kPa to 320 kPa when lime content was increased from 0% to 4%. Linear shrinkage of the specimens also decreased with increasing additive content.     

Coupled consolidation model for negative skin friction on piles in clay layers

Expansive soils swell on absorbing water and shrink on evaporation thereof. Because of this alternate swelling and shrinkage, civil engineering structures founded in them are severely damaged. For counteracting the problems of expansive soils, different innovative techniques were suggested. Stabilization of expansive clays with various additives has also met with considerable success. This paper presents, by comparison, the effect of lime and fly ash on free swell index (FSI), swell potential, swelling pressure, coefficient of consolidation, compression index, secondary consolidation characteristics and shear strength. Lime content was varied as 0%, 2%, 4%?and 6%?and fly ash content as 0%, 10%?and 20%. A fly ash content of 20%?showed significant reduction in swell potential, swelling pressure, compression index and secondary consolidation characteristics and resulted in increase in maximum dry density and shear strength. Swell potential and swelling pressure decreased with increase in lime content also. Further, consolidation characteristics improved. Compaction characteristics and unconfined compression strength improved at 4%?lime and reduced at 6%?lime.     

Effect of lime and fly ash on swell,consolidation and shear strength characteristics of expansive clays: a comparative study

Expansive soils swell on absorbing water and shrink on evaporation thereof. Because of this alternate swelling and shrinkage, civil engineering structures founded in them are severely damaged. For counteracting the problems of expansive soils, different innovative techniques were suggested. Stabilization of expansive clays with various additives has also met with considerable success. This paper presents, by comparison, the effect of lime and fly ash on free swell index (FSI), swell potential, swelling pressure, coefficient of consolidation, compression index, secondary consolidation characteristics and shear strength. Lime content (weight of lime/weight of dry soil) was varied as 0%, 2%, 4%?and 6%?and fly ash content (weight of fly ash/weight of dry soil) as 0%, 10%?and 20%. A fly ash content of 20%?showed significant reduction in swell potential, swelling pressure, compression index and secondary consolidation characteristics and resulted in increase in maximum dry density and shear strength. Swell potential and swelling pressure decreased with increase in lime content also. Further, consolidation characteristics improved. Compaction characteristics and unconfined compression strength improved at 4%?lime and reduced at 6%?lime.     

膨胀岩的时效性在深基坑支护工程的应用

鉴于膨胀岩物理力学特性及其工程特性的研究,结合深基坑支护工程使用时间短的自身特点,寻找膨胀岩抗剪强度衰变期与基坑支护工程使用安全期之间的关系,提出如何利用这种时差效应,为工程带来更多经济效益的设计取值方法。以南宁市昌泰东盟园深基坑支护工程为例,通过不同时期的勘察取样以及采取的不同试验方法分析,进一步佐证膨胀岩时效性在深基坑支护工程设计施工中的应用价值。     

膨胀土膨胀力原位测试方法

由于室内测定的膨胀力结果往往不能真实地反映现场情况,因此,测定膨胀土的原位膨胀力有着极其重要的现实意义.采用加压膨胀法,即利用现场有荷膨胀率试验结果,由内插得到膨胀力值的测试方法,并通过现场试验与室内试验结果的对比,对该方法进行了验证.对比结果表明,该方法能真实地反映膨胀土的膨胀趋势,所测结果能真实地反映现场膨胀力值.且易于操作,有较好地推广应用前景.     

Contamination of the cement raw material in a quarry site by seawater intrusion,Darica-Turkey

The open pit mining nearby shoreline is planned to be extended into below sea level in order to use additional reserves of the cement raw material (marl). The raw material is currently contaminated by seawater intrusion below a depth of 20 m up to the distance of 90 m from shoreline. Seawater intrusion related contamination of the material used for the cement production was investigated by means of diffusion process for the future two below sea level mining scenarios covering 43 years of period. According to the results, chloride concentrations higher than the tolerable limit of a cement raw material would be present in the material about 10–25 cm inward from each discontinuity surface, controlling groundwater flow, located between 170 and 300 m landward from the shoreline at below sea level mining depths of 0–30 m. The estimations suggest that total amounts of dilution required for the contaminated raw material to reduce its concentration level to the tolerance limit with uncontaminated raw material are about 113- to 124-fold for scenario I (13 years of below sea level mining after 30 years of above sea level mining) and about 126- to 138-fold for scenario II (43 years of simultaneous above and below sea level minings).