浅析砂浆微沫剂对水泥砂浆和易性的影响

水泥砂浆的和易性又称砂浆的工作性, 其性能的好坏,直接影响工程操作和施工质量。砂浆微沫剂是一种新型的建筑材料,掺入砂浆后能显著改善建筑砂浆的和易性能,便于施工操作,提高工作效率。     

超临界CO2对烟煤和无烟煤化学结构的影响

超临界CO₂对煤化学结构的改造对煤层CO₂封存能力极为关键。论文开展了模拟埋深1500m （62.5℃、15 MPa）条件下4组不同变质程度煤的ScCO₂-H₂O体系与煤岩地球化学反应实验。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱和X射线粉末衍射实验获得了反应前后煤化学结构演化特征,探讨了煤化学结构演化的机理。结果表明：ScCO₂作用后,煤中脂肪烃链长度普遍增加,仅肥煤的芳香烃丰度增大,肥煤、瘦煤和贫煤含氧基团丰度的增大主要由氢键基团含量的增加贡献,无烟煤含氧基团丰度则主要受低分子化合物溶出的影响。ScCO₂引起的溶胀作用造成肥煤和瘦煤芳香层面之间交联键断裂,芳香微晶内部结构疏松,而芳香层面内C_Ar-C_Ar交联的形成提高了肥煤和瘦煤芳香性和芳香环缩合度;贫煤和无烟煤中非稠合多苯结构脱落使芳香微晶内部更紧凑,脂肪烃链长度的增加则降低了贫煤和无烟煤芳香性和芳香环缩合度。     

Factors affecting shear modulus degradation of cement treated clay

Cement stabilization is often used to improve the bearing capacity and compressibility of soft clays. The present paper aims to investigate the shear modulus degradation of cement treated clay during cyclic loading. A series of cyclic triaxial test was conducted on artificially cement treated marine clay to study the factors affecting the shear modulus degradation. The parameters considered for the study are cement content (2.5–7.5%), curing days (7–28), cyclic shear strain amplitude (0.3–1%), number of loading cycles (1–100) and loading frequency (0.1–0.5 Hz). As in the case of natural clays, cement treated clays exhibit stiffness degradation which depends on mix ratio, curing days and loading conditions. The results show that the shear modulus degradation decreases with increase in the shear strain amplitude, cement content and curing days. It is also noted that irrespective of the mix ratio and curing conditions, the degradation decreases with increase in loading frequency. An empirical relationship is proposed to predict the shear modulus degradation based on Idriss׳s degradation model. The performance of the proposed empirical model is validated with the present experimental results.     

An upscaling method and a numerical analysis of swelling/shrinking processes in a compacted bentonite/sand mixture

This paper presents an upscaling concept of swelling/shrinking processes of a compacted bentonite/sand mixture, which also applies to swelling of porous media in general. A constitutive approach for highly compacted bentonite/sand mixture is developed accordingly. The concept is based on the diffuse double layer theory and connects microstructural properties of the bentonite as well as chemical properties of the pore fluid with swelling potential. Main factors influencing the swelling potential of bentonite, i.e. variation of water content, dry density, chemical composition of pore fluid, as well as the microstructures and the amount of swelling minerals are taken into account. According to the proposed model, porosity is divided into interparticle and interlayer porosity. Swelling is the potential of interlayer porosity increase, which reveals itself as volume change in the case of free expansion, or turns to be swelling pressure in the case of constrained swelling. The constitutive equations for swelling/shrinking are implemented in the software GeoSys/RockFlow as a new chemo‐hydro‐mechanical model, which is able to simulate isothermal multiphase flow in bentonite. Details of the mathematical and numerical multiphase flow formulations, as well as the code implementation are described. The proposed model is verified using experimental data of tests on a highly compacted bentonite/sand mixture. Comparison of the 1D modelling results with the experimental data evidences the capability of the proposed model to satisfactorily predict free swelling of the material under investigation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

某一级公路路基填土膨胀性试验

通过对某一级公路路基填土的天然含水量、液限、塑限、颗粒组成、矿物成分、自由膨胀率、胀缩总率等试验研究,运用塑性图,并综合各项指标对路基填土的膨胀性做了评价。结果认为,此路基填土为高液限和塑限的淤泥质软土,天然状态下具有弱膨胀性。通过对路基填土的击实试验和承载比试验表明,填土压实之后具有一定的膨胀性,在含水量变化差异性影响下的胀缩变形可能导致路基开裂。     

公路膨胀土路堑边坡防护方案探讨

针对膨胀土路堑边坡的公路工程特点，总结以往膨胀土路堑边坡的防护措施，根据以往膨胀土路堑边坡的防护成败资料和经验。以保持边坡土体天然含水量状态的相对稳定，保持边坡土体结构的相对完整性。保持边坡土体足够的抗剪强度和防护工程应能适应边坡膨胀土体可能产生的膨胀变形与膨胀力不遭破坏。首先用DAH混合溶液改良膨胀土边坡的表层土，使DAH混合溶液与膨胀土产生离子交换发生化学反应，从而使表层膨胀土体改变性能，成为正常土，然后结合以往路堑边坡处理方法进行综合处理。实践证明，此方法不但充分利用了膨胀土．节约了工程投资，而且又绿化、美观了边坡，使其与周围环境相协调，从而为膨胀土地区公路路堑边坡处理提供了一种切实可行的防护措施。     

红山窑风化红砂岩膨胀机制微细观分析

通过扫描电镜,将红山窑风化红砂岩吸水前后的颗粒组成结构图放大300倍,从微细观方面揭示了红山窑全、强、中、弱不同风化程度的膨胀红砂岩吸水膨胀的全过程：吸水→水化→体积增加→产生膨胀力→膨胀力超过极限→崩解。从这一过程可以看出,膨胀岩的膨胀变形特性主要是由于膨胀岩中的部分矿物具有亲水性,遇水后发生水化反应而导致体积增 大,并引起膨胀应力;当膨胀力超过胶结物的粘结力时,就发生崩解;对于不同风化程度的膨胀岩,随着风化程度的加深,其吸水膨胀的过程越快,达到崩解的时间越短。     

膨胀变形对膨胀土边坡稳定性的影响

当采用合理的强度参数时,根据常规极限平衡或极限分析方法的计算结果,很难解释一些膨胀土边坡会在极缓的坡度下发生失稳破坏的原因。事实上,由于膨胀土遇水后会发生显著的变形,在饱和区与非饱和区交界面附近会出现很大的剪应力。因此,在膨胀土边坡的稳定分析中,需要考虑这种因素的影响。根据塑性力学的上限定理,严格地导出了考虑膨胀应力作功的功能平衡方程。根据强度储备定义的安全系数即隐含在这一方程中,它可以通过迭代方法求解。边坡稳定的上限分析在数值上是利用了单元集成法来完成的。这不仅能方便地利用应力分析的成果,而且能进行滑裂面的优化,从而找到最小的安全系数。对一个坡度为1:4的膨胀土边坡的稳定计算结果表明,膨胀变形会使边坡的安全系数显著减小。当考虑膨胀时,优化得到的破坏模式是在浅层出现一个局部的滑动,它会牵动其上部的土体也相继出现局部滑动,这正好符合膨胀土滑坡时所常见的牵引性的特征。     

高压实膨润土的非饱和渗透膨胀模型

高放废弃物深地质处置库中,作为缓冲/回填材料的高压实膨润土的设计功能是,遇水吸湿导致土体膨胀变形,以密封高压实膨润土块体砌置时形成的块体与块体之间和块体与围岩之间的施工缝隙以及围岩中因处置库开挖卸载引起的裂缝,形成阻障围岩中地下水渗入内库引起核素迁移,与库内高放废物的辐射扩散的人工屏障。高压实膨润土在自由膨胀条件下的膨胀应变和非饱和渗透系数由渗透试验测得;孔隙比和吸力的关系由压汞试验测得。吸力和含水率的函数关系可由土-水特征曲线测试试验得到。因此,自由膨胀条件下膨润土的非饱和渗透膨胀模型由膨胀应变、非饱和渗透系数和孔隙比与吸力的函数关系建立。结果表明：渗透系数和体积应变都随吸力减小而增加,因为吸力减小会导致孔隙比增加。这一发现有助于设计高放废物的最终处置方案。     

地质钻探堵漏新技术的初步研究

对钻探堵漏技术的现状进行了分析。介绍了近期针对地质钻探堵漏开展的高强度快失水堵漏、高强度化学触变堵漏、溶胀型随钻堵漏材料以及成膜钻井液技术阶段科研成果。提出了加强漏失层特性判断与堵漏方法的关联性,广谱型堵漏技术,复合堵漏材料和堵漏技术集成化,高效随钻防漏材料和防漏冲洗液体系,膨胀管封堵技术研究等地质钻探堵漏技术的重点研究方向。