影响地震活动性因素的非均匀细胞自动机模拟研究

基于细胞自动机模型,构建了由81×81个细胞单元组成非均匀二维单断层介质样本,研究了断层结构细观非均匀性以及相关模型参数变化对模拟输出结果和强度分布特征的影响。研究结果表明：结构非均匀性是影响地震活动性的控制性参量,随着非均匀程度的增强,地震事件数量增多,震级分布变得越来越均匀,破裂演化模式由相对“脆性”向“塑性”变化;介质结构的初始条件和应力加载的随机性对地震活动演化过程基本不产生影响。此外,应力降分配系数减小使b值主体线性段向大震级延伸;随着局部摩擦损耗系数增大,模拟地震事件的数量有所增加,大震级事件数量和震级衰减增强,b值主体线性区间变窄,使断层的变形破坏方式由相对“脆性”向“塑性”变化。这些对我们理解孕震过程的复杂性是有帮助的。     

Investigating the land use characteristics of urban integration based on remote sensing data: experience from Guangzhou and Foshan

Abstract

Urban integration is an increasingly popular phenomenon. It is important to characterize the dynamic processes of urban integration from the perspective of geography. However, previous studies mainly focussed on the overall characteristics of a single entity and failed to consider inter-city influences. Therefore, this study aims to systematically investigate this phenomenon. Firstly, spatial clustering technique and landscape metric were used to analyze the temporal change of spatial layout. Secondly, we built multiple ring buffers of city boundary to reveal the directional differences in urban expansion. Lastly, we compared the observed land use data with the results simulated by cellular automata model. These experiments have shown that the urban expansion characteristics during the urban integration process are rather different from those of a single city, and the above methodology can effectively characterize the urban integration phenomenon. The successful example of Guangzhou–Foshan integration could also provide practical experience for other similar attempts.     

基于CA模型的西安城市空间扩展模拟及误差分析

元胞自动机(CA)是城市发展动态模拟的重要工具。本文以西安市为例,利用基于遗传算法的CA模型对西安市1990-2007年的城市发展进行模拟,得到了较好的效果。结果表明,运用遗传算法建立的CA模型能够较好地模拟城市发展状态;对模拟误差分析表明,影响城市土地利用变化机制的尺度特征,城市规划调整、重大事件、重大建设项目和行政区划调整等过程,城市不同发展阶段和不同区位的扩展类型等都将影响确定转换规则、寻找最佳参数和模拟精度的结果。     

Modelling controls on aeolian dune‐field pattern evolution

A second‐generation, source‐to‐sink cellular automaton‐based model presented here captures and quantifies many of the factors controlling the evolution of aeolian dune‐field patterns by varying only a small number of parameters. The role of sediment supply, sediment availability and transport capacity (together defined as sediment state) in the development and evolution of an aeolian dune‐field pattern over long time scales is quantified from model simulations. Seven dune‐field patterns can be classified from simulation results varying the sediment supply and transport capacity that control the type and frequency of dune interactions, the sediment availability of the system and, ultimately, the development of dune‐field patterns. This model allows predictions to be made about the range of sediment supply and wind strengths required to produce the dune‐field patterns seen in the real world. A new clustered dune‐field pattern is identified from model results and used to propose an alternative mechanism for the formation of superimposed dunes. Bedforms are hypothesized to cluster together, simultaneously forming two spatial scales of bedforms without first developing a large basal dune with small superimposed dunes. Manipulation of boundary conditions produces evolving dune fields with different spatial configurations of sediment supply. Trends of spacing and crest length increase with decreasing variability as the dune field matures. This simple model is a valuable tool which can be used to elucidate the dominant control of aeolian sediment state on the construction and evolution of aeolian dune‐field patterns.     

变值配置函数空间整体编码族的2维对称性

研究0-1多元变量的逻辑函数及其整体配置函数空间变值编码表示特性。根据对称特性,系统地定义一批整体编码结构:邵雍-Leibniz码、广义码、文王码、伏羲码和共轭码。展示变值向量配置函数空间规模以及函数群集的状态空间组织结构。对各类编码系列的可区分数目,给出计算公式。2维变值展示框架展现在变值配置函数空间中不同编码族具有的内蕴对称特性。分层结构编码配置函数空间和2维展现描述体系,为基于东方逻辑传统的现代逻辑架构:变值逻辑体系,利用高维分析工具探讨0-1序列非线性超复杂逻辑变换开辟道路。     

Blood metal levels and metal-influenced immune functions of harbour seals in captivity

Immunological blood parameters and the effects of environmental pollutants on the immune system are important to assess the health status of seals. Animals living permanently in seal centres are useful for development and validation of diagnostic tools for free-ranging animals. In this study, parameters of cellular immunity as well as metal concentrations in blood and metal influence on cell proliferation of seven seals from a seal centre were investigated repeatedly using multi-element analysis and a lymphocyte proliferation assay. The metal concentrations, except for tin and chromium, were in general comparable to those of free-ranging animals of the North Sea. The unstimulated and mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation showed strong intra- and inter-individual variability, which reflected variability in activation of the immune status. Furthermore, both immunosuppressive and stimulative influences of metals on lymphocytes were found. Summarising, the methods used in this investigation provided useful information on these animals, and their application to free-ranging animals can be recommended.     

Investigating parabolic and nebkha dune formation using a cellular automaton modelling approach

Vegetation plays an important role in shaping the morphology of aeolian dune landscapes in coastal and semi‐arid environments, where ecogeomorphic interactions are complex and not well quantified. We present a Discrete ECogeomorphic Aeolian Landscape model (DECAL) capable of simulating realistic looking vegetated dune forms, permitting exploration of relationships between ecological and morphological processes at different temporal and spatial scales. The cellular automaton algorithm applies three simple rules that lead to self‐organization of complex dune environments, including nebkhas with distinctive deposition tails that form in association with mesquite‐type shrubs, and hairpin (long‐walled) parabolic dunes with trailing ridges that evolve from blowouts in association with vegetation succession. Changing the conditions of simulations produces differing landscapes that conform qualitatively to observations of real‐world dunes. The model mimics the response of the morphology to changes in sediment supply, vegetation distribution, density and growth characteristics, as well as initial disturbances. The introduction of vegetation into the model links spatial and temporal scales, previously dimensionless in bare‐sand cellular automata. Grid resolutions coarser than the representative size of the modelled vegetation elements yield similar morphologies, but when cell size is reduced to much smaller dimensions, the resultant landscape evolution is dramatically different. The model furthermore demonstrates that the relative response characteristics of the multiple vegetation types and their mutual feedback with geomorphological processes impart a significant influence on landscape equilibria, suggesting that vegetation induces a characteristic length scale in aeolian environments. This simple vegetated dune model illustrates the power and versatility of a cellular automaton approach for exploring the effects of interactions between ecology and geomorphology in complex earth surface systems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulations of the 2004 lava flow at Etna volcano using the magflow cellular automata model

Since the mechanical properties of lava change over time, lava flows represent a challenge for physically based modeling. This change is ruled by a temperature field which needs to be modeled. MAGFLOW Cellular Automata (CA) model was developed for physically based simulations of lava flows in near real-time. We introduced an algorithm based on the Monte Carlo approach to solve the anisotropic problem. As transition rule of CA, a steady-state solution of Navier-Stokes equations was adopted in the case of isothermal laminar pressure-driven Bingham fluid. For the cooling mechanism, we consider only the radiative heat loss from the surface of the flow and the change of the temperature due to mixture of lavas between cells with different temperatures. The model was applied to reproduce a real lava flow that occurred during the 2004–2005 Etna eruption. The simulations were computed using three different empirical relationships between viscosity and temperature.     

基于CA的昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂传播的空间模拟

元胞自动机CA（Cellular Automaton）与地理信息系统（GIS）的集成弥补了GIS在时空分析和时空演化方面的不足,为昆虫种群生态学的研究提供了新的手段。利用DEM提取地形因子,使用统计分析分析了昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂与林分因子、立地因子之间的关系。主要取得了腮扁叶蜂虫口密度与立地因子关系密切,并推导出了腮扁叶蜂的虫口密度与海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位的逐步逻辑回归数学模型。以数学模型结合空间自相关函数建立时空预测模型作为转换规则,以地理信息系统为平台利用元胞自动机模型模拟腮扁叶蜂传播,预测结果给出了昆嵛山腮扁叶蜂密度分布的结果,给防治决策提供了方便。     

基于分区域的元胞自动机及城市扩张模拟

元胞自动机用于模拟城市扩张具有很好的空间建模能力,通常采用的建模方式将影响因子的空间条件作为线性要素对待,而在元胞转换规则建模中考虑影响因子的空间非线性特征更逼近真实状况.该文提出一种基于分区域的元胞自动机模型,通过划分各个全局影响因子的重要性子区域,计算不同类型区域中各因子对土地利用转换的影响强度,从而得到全区域的空间非线性转换规则.利用该模型模拟东莞市1988-1993年的城市扩展过程,并与Logistic模型模拟结果对比,表明这种有空间约束条件的分区域元胞自动机模拟精度更高,能有效模拟城市扩张的空间格局.