西安地裂缝与地面沉降灾害经济损失评估

为了深入分析西安地裂缝与地面沉降灾害致灾特点及定量评价其经济损失,在中国地质调查局于2004-2006年开展的西安地区地裂缝与地面沉降调查所取得的成果资料基础上,通过综合分析研究得出,西安地裂缝与地面沉降的致灾特点具有直接性、三维破坏性、三维空间有限性、渐进性和持久性。采用终值法、影子工程法、统计推断法、重置成本法、建造成本或工程费用法、灾情对比法、间接损失与直接损失比例法和权重分解法评价得出地裂缝与地面沉降灾害在1976-2006年造成经济损失为117亿元,其中直接损失71亿元,间接损失46亿元。     

胶州湾近岸海域污染物削减的效益分析

首先计算了2008年化学需氧量（COD）和氨氮（NH3-N）对胶州湾各类海洋功能类别造成的经济损失,其次利用COD和氨氮总量削减成本模型计算不同削减情况下的投入成本,最后将不同削减量下获得的经济效益与相应的投入成本进行对比,得出污染物削减后胶州湾的效益为：削减3%为3.351亿元,削减5%为5.562亿元,削减8%为10.745亿元,削减10%为12.764亿元。通过对胶州湾削减污染物的经济损益情况计算,以期为胶州湾环境污染治理预算和政府决策提供支持。     

GIS软件在油气长输管道项目矿（产）权确认中的应用

通过在西气东输三线西段（二标段）管道工程项目运用,很好的解决了对矿（产）区、集体用地的矿（产）权确认,为管道经过矿（产）权区确定合理的补偿金额提供科学谈判依据;有效减少了补偿损失;为今后在长输管道穿越矿（产）区、集体用地的补偿提供了测算手段和方法,形成的补偿协议对管道运营单位确定管道权益和维护使用也具有现实意义。     

岩溶峰丛洼地不同环境水土流失差异及防治研究——以广西果化岩溶生态研究基地为例

与碎屑岩地区相比,特殊的岩溶水文地质结构,导致岩溶区存在不同的水土流失过程和特点,尤以峰丛洼地区最具代表性。通过广西平果县果化岩溶峰丛洼地土壤地表侵蚀和地下漏失的调查研究显示:洼地不同地貌部位水土流失差异较大,从山峰、垭口、山坡、山麓到洼地底部,土壤地下漏失模数分别为49.09 t/(km2·a)、212.06 t/(km2·a)、727.71 t/(km2·a)、1104.03 t/(km2·a)、909.11 t/(km2·a),分别占该点年均总土壤侵蚀模数的92.43%、96.24%、78.57%、70.88%和38.68%;不同土地利用方式下的土壤侵蚀存在差异,其土壤侵蚀模数大小依次为坡耕地苦丁茶地苏木林地灌草坡牧草地。通过对该地区水土流失防治及石漠化综合治理,山峰主要涵养水源林、山坡主要发展生态产业防治水土漏失、洼地修建排水系统工程得到良好的效果,治理区土壤侵蚀模数从2003年到2010年下降了65%。     

熔融制样波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定白云石中钙镁硅铁铝

白云石属碳酸盐矿物,应用熔融制样X射线荧光光谱法测定其中主次量组分钙、镁、硅、铁、铝时,由于白云石灼烧减量大,在试料片制备过程中,如果以干基试料制备试料片,除灼烧减量外还有少量其他组分被分解出的大量CO₂带走,导致试料损失,测定结果偏低;如果以灼烧基试料制备试料片,由于灼烧后的试料极易吸收空气中的水分和CO₂,同样使测定结果偏低。基于质量守恒原理,本文直接以灼烧减量测量后的灼烧基试料质量作为试料量(即灼烧减量测定所称量的干基试料量扣除灼烧减量的量),以四硼酸锂为熔剂,5%碘化铵溶液为脱模剂,试料与熔剂的稀释比为1:10,于1050℃熔融15 min以上制备的试料片透彻、玻璃化程度高。以白云石标准物质和标准样品作为标准试料,制作各组分的标准曲线的相关系数在0.9940~0.9994之间;方法检出限为0.011%~0.48%;标准物质和标准样品的测定值与认定值基本一致,各组分的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)在0.5%~1.7%之间,方法具有较好的重现性。本方法以1050℃灼烧后的试样作为试料制备XRF分析样片,最大限度地降低了灼烧减量因素(空气中的水分和CO₂)对测定结果的影响,适用于白云石及其煅烧物中钙、镁、硅、铁、铝等组分的同时测定。     

饱和粉细砂层锚索预应力变化规律监测分析

锚索的预应力损失在工程建设中不可忽视,工程的场地环境条件成为影响锚索预应力损失的主因。饱和粉细砂层较其他地质条件更为复杂敏感,更易引起锚索预应力值的损失。通过对廊坊市某深基坑工程锚索预应力值的实时监测,结合工程环境,分析饱和粉细砂层中造成锚索预应力值变化的原因。结果表明,施工过程、张拉过程以及环境因素都影响锚索预应力的变化,其中开挖过程的影响最明显,预应力值的变化率最大值达79.1%;瞬时卸载造成预应力值22.8%⁵9.2%的损失。对饱和粉细砂层中锚索预应力变化规律的研究分析结论可为类似地质环境的工程建设提供经验。     

Flood forecasting with a watershed model: a new method of parameter updating

Abstract

Flood forecasting is of prime importance when it comes to reducing the possible number of lives lost to storm-induced floods. Because rainfall-runoff models are far from being perfect, hydrologists need to continuously update outputs from the rainfall-runoff model they use, in order to adapt to the actual emergency situation. This paper introduces a new updating procedure that can be combined with conceptual rainfall-runoff models for flood forecasting purposes. Conceptual models are highly nonlinear and cannot easily accommodate theoretically optimal methods such as Kalman filtering. Most methods developed so far mainly update the states of the system, i.e. the contents of the reservoirs involved in the rainfall-runoff model. The new parameter updating method proves to be superior to a standard error correction method on four watersheds whose floods can cause damage to the greater Paris area. Moreover, further developments of the approach are possible, especially along the idea of combining parameter updating with assimilation of additional data such as soil moisture data from field measurements and/or from remote sensing.     

Modelling the impacts of subsurface drainage on surface runoff and sediment yield in the Le Sueur Watershed,Minnesota, USA

Abstract

Tile drainage influences infiltration and surface runoff and is thus an important factor in the erosion process. Tile drainage reduces surface runoff, but questions abound on its influence on sediment transport through its dense network and into the stream network. The impact of subsurface tiling on upland erosion rates in the Le Sueur River watershed, USA, was assessed using the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model. Six different scenarios of tile drainage with varying drainage coefficient and management type (no till and autumn mulch-till) were evaluated. The mean annual surface runoff depth, soil loss rate and sediment delivery ratio (SDR) for croplands, based on a 30-year simulation for the watershed with untiled autumn mulch-till (Scenario 1), were estimated to be 83.5 mm, 0.27 kg/m² and 86.7%, respectively; on no-till management systems (Scenario 4), the respective results were 72.3 mm, 0.06 kg/m² and 88.2%. Tile drains reduced surface runoff, soil loss and SDR estimates for Scenario 1 by, on average, 14.5, 8.1 and 7.9%, respectively; and for Scenario 4 by an estimated 31.5, 22.1 and 20.2%, respectively. The impact of tile drains on surface runoff, soil loss and SDR was greater under the no-till management system than under the autumn mulch-till management system. Comparison of WEPP outputs with those of the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) showed differences between the two methods.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Maalim, F.K. and Melesse. A.M., 2013. Modelling impacts of subsurface drainage on surface runoff and sediment yield in the Le Sueur Watershed in Minnesota, USA. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (3), 570–586.     

On the acceleration of solar-flare charged particles in a collapsing magnetic trap with an electric potential

We consider the kinetic problem of charged-particle acceleration in a magnetic trap with converging magnetic mirrors. We show that for a positive electrostatic potential of the trap plasma relative to the mirrors, the efficiency of confinement and acceleration increases for electrons and decreases for ions.