西风槽与副高相互作用的暴雨过程动热力场结构特征分析

利用常规气象观测、自动气象站加密观测、NCEP/NCAR(1°×1°,逐6 h)再分析以及FY 2C卫星云图等资料,分析了2007年8月15—18日发生在山东的一次暴雨过程中,西风槽与副热带高压(以下简称副高)相互作用三个阶段的热力、动力场结构特征。结果表明:整个过程先后经历了副高西进切变线缓慢西移、横槽南压副高减弱和横槽转竖副高南撤三个阶段,三个阶段的共同特征是中低层有切变线和θ_(se)锋区;700 hPa有低空急流;产生暴雨的对流云团具有后向传播特征,生命史中多次发生合并。三个阶段的不同点是:(1)副高西进过程中,锋区随高度向北倾斜,坡度小,切变线和θ_(se)锋区均为后倾,为典型的暖锋降水。暴雨区范围大,强度均匀,位于850 hPaθ_(se)锋区与暖脊的交界处的水汽辐合中心附近。饱和区宽广,伸展高度高。低层气旋性辐合、切变线辐合、锋面抬升是触发暴雨的动力机制,低空急流是暴雨增强机制。(2)副高减弱过程中,干冷空气分别从低层和中层侵入θ_(se)暖脊,θ_(se)锋区随高度先向北后向南,呈交错倾斜现象,坡度大,为典型的强对流降水,上升运动最为激烈。暴雨区范围小,强度大,分布不均,位于θ_(se)暖脊垂直方向轴线附近。饱和区狭窄,伸展高度高。锋面抬升运动是触发对流性强降水的主要动力机制,对流层中层干冷空气入侵是强降水的增强机制。(3)副高南撤过程中,θ_(se)锋区随高度向南倾斜,坡度大,呈前倾特征,为典型的高空槽降水。暴雨区狭长分散,强度弱,位于850 hPa切变线上、θ_(se)暖舌靠近锋区一侧。饱和区狭窄,伸展高度低。低层切变线辐合抬升是触发强降水动力机制,中层干侵入是降水增强机制。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区山西组山2段储层可动流体赋存影响因素分析

山2段是鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区致密砂岩气生产的重要层段,目前对其流体赋存规律认识明显不足。因此在铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、高压压汞、恒速压汞、核磁共振测试的基础上,分析该储层可动流体的赋存特征及其影响因素。结果表明:山2储层主要为岩屑石英砂岩和岩屑砂岩,溶蚀孔和晶间孔为主要储集空间,粒间溶孔显著发育。山2储层可动流体饱和度为34.74%～91.83%,平均为69.94%,T2谱多为双峰态,呈左低右高型。储层孔隙度、渗透率、孔隙类型、孔喉特征及胶结物影响可动流体饱和度。孔隙为可动流体提供主要空间,平均孔隙半径越大,平均喉道半径越大,孔喉比越小,可动流体饱和度越高。硅质含量越高,粒间孔保存越好,可动流体饱和度越高。铁方解石含量越高,孔隙破坏越明显,可动流体饱和越低。高岭石含量较高,长石溶孔及晶间孔发育较好,有利于流体流动,可动流体饱和度也较高。     

天然水CaCO_3侵蚀量与沉淀量的计算

天然水ＣａＣＯ３侵蚀量与沉淀量的计算是岩溶地球化学研究中的一个重要问题，本文在指出有关文献对这一问题的处理存在严重问题的同时，提出了天然水ＣａＣＯ３侵蚀量与沉淀量计算的新方法。该方法以水溶液相对ＣＳＣＯ３饱和度的计算为基础，对ＣａＣＯ３溶解或沉淀所引起的水溶液ｐＨ值、组分的活度系数以及水溶液中各组分存在形式含量的变化统一地作了考虑，且区分开放系统与封闭系统两种不同的情况分别进行了计算。实际水样的计算结果表明，计算中若不考虑上述的种种变化，则计算结果的误差将是相当大的。     

Review on Researches of Aragonite Saturation State in the Southern Ocean:A Key Parameter of Southern Ocean Acidification

The Southern Ocean is a strong sink for atmospheric CO₂, making it especially vulnerable to ocean acidification (OA). The aragonite saturation state (Ω_arg) of seawater has been used as an index for the estimation of OA, which plays a critical role in evaluating the living environment of marine calcified organisms. However, it is very difficult to perform the studies of OA and Ω_arg in the Southern Ocean due to its harsh climate. Therefore, in order to better understand the OA and its further influences, the advances of Ω_arg studies were summarized in the oceans surrounding the Antarctica. Significant spatial and temporal variations of surface seawater Ω_arg are demonstrated in the Southern Ocean. In general, the surface seawater Ω_arg shows a lower value in the off-shore areas than in the open oceans. And, Ω_arg also exhibits a strong seasonal cycle with a higher value in summer than in winter. The distributions of Ω_arg in vertical water column generally present a declining tendency from surface to bottom. In addition, the shoaling of Ω_arg horizon at high latitude could be attributed to the ventilation and upwelling of deep waters in the Southern Ocean. There are many factors that could impact the Ω_arg in the Southern Ocean, including sea ice melting, sea-air CO₂ exchange, biological activities and hydrological processes, etc. Finally, the future changes and key scientific problems of OA in the Southern Ocean are proposed.     

连续局部阈值分割的阴影检测方法

遥感图像中通常存在大量的阴影,阴影会对图像分割、目标识别造成一定的影响,阴影检测是阴影去除的基础。针对传统Tsai算法准确度上不足,提出了一种改进方法。首先,采用chuang所提出的方法定制了新的比例图,通过对定制比例图进行全局阈值分割将输入图像分为候选阴影点与非阴影点;再对大致阴影图中的每一个候选阴影区进行迭代分割处理来从候选阴影点中挑选出真正的阴影点;剩下的每一个候选阴影点进行fine-shadow判断处理。实验证明,改进算法可以提高阴影检测的准确性。     

南大洋表层海水酸化研究进展

海洋酸化是全球变化的一个关注点,南大洋CO2吸收量占海洋对人为CO2的吸收量的30%—40%,同时,南大洋是缓冲能力较低、生态系统脆弱的高纬海域,所以,理解南大洋海水酸化过程及其控制因素就显得尤为重要。海水酸化引起海水中碳酸根离子(CO2-3)的浓度、碳酸钙饱和度(Ω)降低,这对成钙类生物碳酸钙(包括文石和方解石)的形成有害,最终可能对生态系统造成危害。了解海洋酸化的影响、预测酸化对海水碳酸盐体系和生态系统的影响具有重要意义。因此,本文对目前南大洋的开阔大洋区以及两个具有代表性的边缘海和海湾的酸化研究概况进行了梳理,试图对南大洋表层海水酸化的研究进行概述、展望未来南大洋海洋酸化研究趋势并提出一些亟须解决的问题。     

Manned Testing of the Diver Gas Recovery Installation

The Diver Gas Recovery Installation (DGRI) was evaluated at 80 msw saturation - 100 msw excursion diving on HeO2 in the Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) of China in April, 1995. The diving depth, lockout time, breathing gas flow rate and consumption, inspired oxygen partial pressure (PO2) and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2) were monitored. The results indicated that PO2 was controlled to fluctuate from 64.3 to 84.0 kPa and PCO2 went up from 0.01 kPa up to O.I kPa during 4 hours excursion diving; recovery of breathing gas reached 95%; three divers felt well and breathed comfortably during simulating heavy work. The test showed that it met desired performance goals. The DGRI is a kind of important equipment for long duration deep dive. It enables the gases exhaled by the divers to be re-cycled, and therefore it has great social, military and economic significance for diving operation and submarine rescue.     

Effects of periodic saturation on K0 for a sandstone-mudstone particle mixture

Abstract

Sandstone-mudstone particle mixture (SMPM) is one of the main materials, which has been widely used for filling in and around reservoirs for water conservation projects. During the periodic rising and falling of the water level, the fill material for the embankments, dam, and other waterfront features will also undergo drainage-saturation cycles. The deformation and coefficient of lateral pressure at rest K₀ may be affected by periodic saturation. In this study, a device is modified for testing the K₀ for gravel-soil under periodic saturation. In order to investigate the effects of periodic saturation on K₀, a series of experiments were performed for SMPM under different vertical stress and saturation cycling. K₀^N values of SMPM containing 20% mudstone particles under periodic saturation were obtained. The results shows that the K₀^N initially increased, but eventually reached a stable value with the increasing number of periodic saturation cycles. The magnitude of the coefficient increment was also found to be related to the stress condition. K₀^N is a logarithmic function of the saturation cycling time. By calculating K₀^N with the proposed empirical formula, the deformation and stress distribution of the SMPM filler in waterfront engineering works can be calculated with greater precision.     

Numerical modeling of the elastoplastic damage behavior of dry and saturated concrete targets subjected to rigid projectile penetration

The objective of the present paper is to present a numerical study on the penetration performance of concrete targets with 2 different water contents. Numerical analysis has been performed by using the finite element code Abaqus/Explicit, in which a coupled elastoplastic damage model has been developed for saturated/unsaturated concrete under a wide range of confining pressures. The performance of proposed model has been firstly verified by simulating the triaxial compression tests and penetration tests realized with saturated/dry concretes. Comparisons of available experimental results and numerical simulations show that the proposed model is able to reproduce satisfactorily the mechanical behavior of saturated and dry concretes. A higher failure stress and a more important pores closing are generally obtained in dry concrete samples with respect to saturated ones. Furthermore, the main observed patterns of penetration test realized with saturated concrete targets are also satisfactorily simulated by the numerical results. Therefore, the proposed model is used to numerically predict the penetration performance of dry concrete target, and the penetration performance of dry/saturated concrete target is discussed. We observe that in dry concrete target, the penetration of projectile is strongly declined, and a smaller damage zone is created. The numerical predictions and discussions can help engineers to enhance their understandings on the influence of hydraulic conditions on structural vulnerability of concrete structures subjected to near‐field detonations or impacts.