法向承力锚极限抗拔力特性

法向承力锚是一种新型的适用于深海工程的系泊基础,其极限抗拔力是锚在工程应用中的关键指标。尝试用两种不同的方法评估法向承力锚的极限抗拔力,其一是基于塑性上限分析理论;其二是运用非线性有限元数值方法。与已有的经验公式相比,所建立的计算模型不仅可考虑海床土性质,还能反映锚板定位(嵌入深度及角度)以及系缆力角度对锚极限抗拔力的影响。在与已有评估方法进行比较的基础上,还特别对锚板的嵌入深度、角度以及系缆力角度变化对极限抗拔力的影响规律进行了分析,对三种方法的适用性进行了评述。     

Two-Dimensional Large Deformation Finite Element Analysis for the Pulling-up of Plate Anchor

Based on mesh regeneration and stress interpolation from an old mesh to a new one, a large deformation finite element model is developed for the study of the behaviour of circular plate anchors subjected to uplift loading. For the deterruination of the distributions of stress components across a clay foundation, the Recovery by Equilibrium in Patches is extended to plastic analyses. ABAQUS, a commercial finite element package, is customized and linked into our program so as to keep automatic and efficient running of large deformation calculation. The quality of stress interpolation is testified by evaluations of Tresca stress and nodal reaction forces. The complete pulling-up processes of plate anchors buried in homogeneous clay arc simulated, and typical pulling force-displacement responses of a deep anchor and a shallow anchor are compared. Different from the results of previous studies, large deformation analysis is of the capability of estimating the breakaway between the anchor bottom and soils. For deep anchors, the variation of mobilized uplift resistance with anchor settlement is composed of three stages, and the initial buried depths of anchors affect the separation embedment slightly. The uplift bearing capacity of deep anchors is usually higher than that of shallow anchors.     

海带膳食纤维的理化特性及通便作用研究

海带富含褐藻胶、纤维素和半纤维素等成分,是生产膳食纤维的优质原料。本文以海带为原料制备海带膳食纤维,并开展了海带膳食纤维与两种常见膳食纤维的理化性质及通便作用的比较研究。结果表明,海带膳食纤维持水力和膨胀力优于燕麦膳食纤维和魔芋膳食纤维;在通便实验中,小鼠给予海带膳食纤维一段时间,小鼠墨汁推进率和便秘模型小鼠排便粒数以及排便重量均明显优于空白对照小鼠以及其他膳食纤维处理小鼠。上述研究表明海带膳食纤维各项生理指标作用最好,并具有较好的通便作用。     

海洋资源环境承载能力监测预警指标体系和技术方法示范性验证及修改建议——以天津市汉沽海域为例

文章采用《海洋资源环境承载能力监测预警指标体系和技术方法指南(草案稿)》(以下简称《技术指南》)开展了天津汉沽海域海洋资源环境承载能力评估试点研究与示范性验证,验证了《技术指南》中指标体系、评估阈值与评估方法的适用性,根据验证结果提出了相应的修改建议。建议:一是调整海洋空间资源承载能力影响因子;二是海洋环境承载状况建议以区域近10年水质达标率最大值作为可载的判断标准并增加沉积物综合污染指数;三是海洋生态承载状况指标建议采用游泳动物生物量指标,增加浮游生物、底栖生物指标并建议以区域10年平均值为基准;四是生态环境风险状态考虑赤潮面积;五是指标权重值确定建议采用层次分析法。综合考虑生态系统的完整性以及区域特点重新构建了天津汉沽海域海洋资源环境承载能力评估模型,该模型得出的评估结果总体上略好于《技术指南》。上述研究成果可为进一步完善国家海洋资源环境承载能力监测预警工作提供技术支撑。     

东海西湖凹陷平湖斜坡带断层特征及其封闭性

在对西湖凹陷平湖斜坡带断裂系统特征定性分析的基础上,结合断层封闭性的半定量研究,总结了平湖斜坡带断层的封闭性特征。依据主干断裂及伴生断裂的平面组合样式、剖面组合关系等特征,将平湖斜坡带断裂系统划分为4个断裂带,由北至南依次为"K"同向断裂带、"W"反向断裂带、"P"同向断裂带和"N"堑式断裂带。断层封闭性研究认为平湖斜坡带中部断层封闭性要好于南部和北部。"K"同向断裂带和"W"反向断裂带多数断层封闭性较好,但由于平湖主断裂的长时间活动,使得整体封闭性一般。"P"同向断裂带由于受中新世末龙井运动的弱挤压反转作用,断层的封闭性较好。"N"堑式断裂带由于平湖主断裂的长期活动和沉降期断裂的存在,断层封闭性较差。     

大容量舱容积计量的快速测量新方法

针对不断大型化和多样化的船舶与海洋结构物舱室,为适应其舱容测量需求,借鉴传统的容量比较法和几何测量法,提出了一种新的高效、准确、适用性强的舱容测量方法。新测量方法采用间接积分计算舱容思路,包含实验与计算两个部分;实验中标准容器注水和未知体积大量注水交替进行,再将实验数据转化为可以描述舱容变化趋势的水线面积数据;计算部分基于水线面积数据、采用收敛性较好的样条插值方法得到近似水线面积曲线,并进一步积分得到测量舱容曲线。通过算例验证,相对于传统测量方法,该方法可以更方便、高效地完成大容量舱的容积测量,同时具有很高精度;并可根据舱体特点灵活安排测量方案,更好地解决测量效率与精度间的矛盾。     

The role of non‐coaxiality in the simulation of strain localization based on classical and Cosserat continua

It is normally accepted that materials inside the shear band undergo severe rotation of the principal stress direction, which causes non‐coaxiality between the principal stress and principal plastic strain rate. However, classical plasticity flow theory implicitly assumes that the principal stress and the principal plastic strain rate are coaxial; thus, it may not correctly predict the onset of the shear band. In addition, classical continuum does not contain any internal length scales; as a result, it cannot provide a reasonable shear band thickness. In this study, the original vertex non‐coaxial plastic model based on the classical continuum is extended to the Cosserat continuum. The corresponding codes are implemented via the interface of the user defined element subroutine in ABAQUS. Through a simple shear test, the effectiveness of the user's codes is verified. Through a uniaxial compression test, the influence of non‐coaxiality on the onset, the orientation, and the thickness of the shear band is investigated. Results show that the onset of the shear localization is delayed, and the thickness of the shear band is widened when the non‐coaxial degree increases, while the orientation of the shear band is little affected by the non‐coaxial degree. In addition, it is found that the non‐coaxiality can weaken the micro‐polar effect to some extent; nonetheless, the Cosserat non‐coaxial model still has its advantage over the classical non‐coaxial model in capturing the pre‐bifurcation as well as the post‐bifurcation behaviors of strain localization. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

区域水资源承载力概念及研究方法的探讨

在总结区域水资源承载力研究历史和现状的基础上,阐述了水资源承载力的内涵和特点,对目前各种水资源承载力的定义进行比较,分析其中深层次的联系,提出了以"可支撑的合理规模"来描述水资源承载能力的概念。在此基础上,从"社会经济-水资源-生态、环境"复合系统角度综合分析了节水措施对水资源承载力的影响,提出了基于现代进化算法的思想的水资源承载力计算思路。将该模型应用于辽河流域水资源承载力的研究中,分析计算了该地区在规划水平年水资源可承载的规模。实例证明,该模型能够综合反映出水资源的承载规模,可以为当地的发展提供科学依据。     

连续水闸对河流COD容量的影响

水闸建设对河流产生阻隔作用,改变了河段水流形态,污染物输运及水质时空分布也随之发生改变,进而可能对水环境容量产生影响。本研究以拉萨河城区段为研究对象,考虑水闸建设对水动力学条件的影响,在利用平面二维模型进行水动力-水质模拟的基础上,计算分析了水闸建设前、后COD的水环境容量,探讨了连续水闸建设对河流水环境容量的影响。研究成果表明,水闸修建对水环境容量的影响主要有两个方面：一是水闸蓄水后,水体由流动转变为相对静止的状态,闸前水流流速减缓,水深增加,影响污染物的扩散,降低污染物降解系数,进而影响污染物降解过程;二是水闸蓄水会使污染物在库区滞留,使污染物滞留时间增加,从而提高污染物的降解量。拉萨河水闸修建后,因水闸蓄水影响,流速减缓,污染物向河道中央扩散受阻,易聚集于排污侧;与天然河道相比,蓄水区河段平均流速由0.34 m/s下降至0.10m/s,平均水深由0.6 m增大至2.0 m,COD降解系数由0.12 d^-1下降至0.04 d^-1,下降约67%,污染物滞留时间增大为原来的3倍左右。计算结果表明,在两种影响的综合作用下,1个水闸使研究河段CO...     

A review on the behavior of helical piles as a potential offshore foundation system

Abstract

Helical piles are used mainly to resist tension forces generated by uplift and overturning moments of various structures, therefore they have been suggested as a potential alternative to driven piles as offshore pile because they provide a large uplift capacity due to the anchor effect of the helix. To date no standards are available for the assessment of the use of helical piles in the offshore environment. State-of-the art installation and uplift capacity assessment is based on field onshore tests on small helical piles. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the current knowledge on helical piles considering uplift capacity, cyclic load, installation torque models and the parameters affecting the installation torque, to understand whether they can be considered for potential offshore applications. The paper could be of valuable interest for engineers and contractors involved in the offshore installation of piles.