Seismic-impedance inversion with fuzzy clustering constraints: an example from the Carlin Gold District,Nevada, USA

The seismic reflection method provides high-resolution data that are especially useful for discovering mineral deposits under deep cover. A hindrance to the wider adoption of the seismic reflection method in mineral exploration is that the data are often interpreted differently and independently of other geophysical data unless common earth models are used to link the methods during geological interpretation. Model-based inversion of post-stack seismic data allows rock units with common petrophysical properties to be identified and permits increased bandwidth to enhance the spatial resolution of the acoustic-impedance model. However, as seismic reflection data are naturally bandlimited, any inversion scheme depends upon an initial model, and must deal with non-unique solutions for the inversion. Both issues can be largely overcome by using constraints and integrating prior information. We exploit the abilities of fuzzy c-means clustering to constrain and to include prior information in the inversion. The use of a clustering constraint for petrophysical values pushes the inversion process to select models that are primarily composed of several discrete rock units and the fuzzy c-means algorithm allows some properties to overlap by varying degrees. Imposing the fuzzy clustering techniques in the inversion process allows solutions that are similar to the natural geologic patterns that often have a few rock units represented by distinct combinations of petrophysical characteristics. Our tests on synthetic models, with clear and distinct boundaries, show that our methodology effectively recovers the true model. Accurate model recovery can be obtained even when the data are highly contaminated by random noise, where the initial model is homogeneous, or there is minimal prior petrophysical information available. We demonstrate the abilities of fuzzy c-means clustering to constrain and to include prior information in the acoustic-impedance inversion of a challenging magnetotelluric/seismic data set from the Carlin Gold District, USA. Using fuzzy c-means guided inversion of magnetotelluric data to create a starting model for acoustic-impedance proved important in obtaining the best result. Our inversion results correlate with borehole data and provided a better basis for geological interpretation than the seismic reflection images alone. Low values of the acoustic impedance in the basement rocks were shown to be prospective by geochemical analysis of rock cores, as would be predicted for later gold mineralization in weak, decalcified rocks.     

黔西南卡林型金矿成矿流体性质及其与矿化的关系

对黔西南具有代表性意义的３个大型矿床中的包裹体进行了系统研究,包括单个包裹体的荧光光谱分析、ＦＴＩＲ分析、ＬＲＭ分析、冷－热两用台分析等．研究表明：本区卡林型金矿成矿流体的盐度极低,均一温度以中、低温为主,水溶液以ＳＯ２－４－Ｃｌ－－Ｃａ２＋－Ｎａ＋（Ｋ＋）为主,成矿环境主要为弱酸性较还原环境;成矿流体中均含有机质,以成熟或过成熟的芳香族化合物为主;流体中有机质以与水不混溶的形式迁移;金的有机络合物受热裂解可能是导致金矿成矿的主要原因．     

美国内华达卡林成矿带的金矿地质特征

卡林成矿带是北美规模最大的金矿富集带。本文旨在通过对此成矿带地质背景、岩石特征、构造特征与成矿特征的详尽研究 ,分析成矿作用机理 ,确定有利成矿控制因素 ,为在地质环境类似地区寻找金矿床提供理论依据。     

Geological-Geochemical Characteristics of Carlin-and Carlin-Like-Type Gold Deposits in south Qinling Mountains

In this paper an intergrated geological and geochemical comparison is made of Carlintype and Carlin-like-type gold depostis in the region of South Qinling with their associated hydrothermal sedimentary lead-zinc pdposits,the Carlin-type deposits in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi gold triangle,China,the Carlin gold deposits,Carlin,western United States,and the Muruntau-type gold deposits in Uzbekistan.The comparative study indicates that the formation of these deposits has an intimate coupling relation with the mechanism of the tectonic movement of modern plates.Therefore,these deposits belong to those that were formed in the orogenic stage. They have the following similar characteristics:they are all sediment-hosted.occur in a tectonic environment of extensional rifting nature and show the characteristics of syngenetically modified mineralization.On the other hand,they alsso have noticeable differences:they are different in respect to their tectonic settings.association and structure of orogenic belts and complexity and strength of the modified mineralization.The regional tectonic evolution and extensive mineralization in orogenic belts are different expressions of the same continental dynamic process.     

桂西北明山卡林型金矿床热液矿物的显微组构与化学成分特征及其对成矿作用的指示

桂西北明山金矿是滇黔桂地区代表性的卡林型金矿之一,矿体受平行于区域性断裂右江断裂的北西西向次级断层控制,赋存于二叠系灰岩之上的中三叠统钙质细砂岩、碳钙质泥质粉砂质岩中。地质、岩相学特征和阴极发光、背散射电子影像、电子探针等分析研究表明,明山金矿发育了3个成矿阶段的热液矿物组合,不同热液矿物普遍具有多世代的特点。热液矿物中见有波状消光、带状消光、毕姆纹、压溶劈理、位错滑移等韧性剪切带粒内应变特征,坑道中也见有黄铁矿石英脉发生韧性变形、又被后期石英脉切断的现象,说明矿床经历了多次的脆-韧性变形。不同矿化期（阶段）的黄铁矿中Au和As的含量表明:沉积期黄铁矿Au、As的含量较低;成岩期黄铁矿中Au的含量高但As含量不高;而成矿期3个阶段的热液黄铁矿中都含较高的As和Au;热液黄铁矿核部包裹的交代残余黄铁矿Au、As含量较高,但变化范围较大,可能是变质成因。紧邻矿体的围岩中成岩黄铁矿从中心向外Au和As的含量逐渐降低,说明其中的As和Au在后来的构造和（或）热液事件中发生了活化迁移,越靠近颗粒边缘元素的活化迁移越强,这表明成矿物质来自于围岩。根据这些事实,推断明山矿区可能在成岩期发生了金的预富集,变形变质早期富含有机质的变质流体活动又使As发生了富集,主变质期流体的广泛渗透交代、活化出先存含金富砷黄铁矿中的Au和As,形成成矿流体。当成矿流体遇到富含活性铁的炭钙质泥质粉砂岩时,形成黄铁矿的同时发生Au的沉淀。     

赣西卡林型金矿控矿条件及成矿模式

论述了赣西卡林型金矿与基底地层、地层层位、岩性、构造及岩浆岩的关系，金的迁移富集形成与条件，建立了赣西卡林型金矿的成矿模式。     

西秦岭地区造山型与卡林型金矿床

西秦岭金矿床分为卡林型和造山型两类。卡林型金矿床麇集于南秦岭和松潘—甘孜造山带的东北部。三叠纪和早侏罗世的同构造花岗闪长岩广泛分布于西秦岭中部和南部、松潘—甘孜盆地以及扬子克拉通边缘。造山型脉状金矿床主要分布于西秦岭造山带中的脆韧性剪切带内。大部分粗粒金主要赋存在网格状石英细脉和角砾状围岩中的黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、毒砂和少量贱金属硫化物中和以分散状分布在蚀变围岩中。同位素资料表明晚三叠世 -中侏罗世与扬子克拉通俯冲有关的作用控制了造山型金矿床的形成。     

西秦岭地区卡林-类卡林型金矿床及其成矿时间、构造背景和模式

秦岭造山带是世界第二大卡林-类卡林型金矿省,其地质背景与美国西部卡林-类卡林型金矿省明显不同,位于大陆内部的碰撞造山带,而非活动大陆边缘的盆岭省。秦岭卡林-类卡林型金矿主要赋存于板块缝合带及其前陆冲断带的海西-印支构造层中,以泥盆系和三叠系为主,主要岩性为瀉湖-浅海相的含碳细碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩建造,即碳硅泥岩系;成矿元素为Au-As-Sb-Hg-Ag,缺乏T1,共生矿种为Sb,Hg,Ag,U和重晶石等;成矿温度为160～300℃,流体盐度为4％～10％(NaClcq),压力为5～50MPa,深度约0．5～5km,属于中低温中浅成热液矿床,与内华达卡林-类卡林型金矿一致。成矿流体具有建造水特点,C2H6含量较高,显示了有机流体参与成矿。成矿同位素年龄介于220～100Ma之间,以170Ma为高峰,地球动力学背景属碰撞造山过程挤压-伸展转变期的减压增温体制,成矿构造模式为碰撞造山成岩成矿和流体作用模式。陆陆碰撞过程中,沿龙门山、阿坝-黑水-平青、若尔盖-文县、玛曲-勉县-略阳、白龙江、双河-公馆、凤县-镇安、安康等大型断裂带的陆内俯冲作用不仅导致了西秦岭地壳缩短增厚隆升,而且使俯冲板片变质脱水、熔融,派生成矿流体和相关熔体,流体和熔体的上升到仰冲板片次级构造带,形成了卡林-类卡林型和造山型金矿成矿系统。据此提出,西秦岭深部可能存在潜力巨大的造山型金矿省。     

江苏省南京市江宁区汤山金矿地质特征及找矿前景分析

文章通过对江苏省南京市江宁区汤山金矿矿区地质特征、矿体地质特征、围岩蚀变及矿床成因、成矿控矿条件的分析研究,并与国内外＂卡林型＂金矿进行对比。汤山金矿与＂卡林型＂金矿有较多的相似之处,论述了在该矿区探索和寻找＂卡林型＂金矿的前景。     

南秦岭卡林型—似卡林型金矿床综合地质地球化学特征

笔者将南秦岭卡林型－似卡林型金矿床与与其共生的热水沉积成因铅锌矿床，中国滇黔桂卡林型金矿床、卡林型金矿床命名地美国西部卡林金矿床、乌兹别克斯坦穆龙套型金矿床等进行了地质地球化学综合对比研究，可以发现，这些矿床的形成均与现代板块构造活动机制具有密切耦合关系，属于造山期成矿矿床，它们既具有相似特点：容矿建造属沉积岩型，沉积构造环境具有拉张裂陷性质，均显示同生一叠加改造两次成矿作用的特征；它们又具明显差别；所属大地构造背景不同，造山带组成及结构存在明显差别，叠加改造成矿作用表现的复杂和强烈程度差别较大，造山带区域构造演化与大规模成矿作用是同一大陆动力学过程的不同表现。