城市地理信息系统应用

针对近年来国内外城市地理信息系统的应用成果,从城市规划、城市环境、城市灾害、城市土地利用等方面加以总结。同时提出,当前一个国家和地区城市化的发展规划决策中必须应用地理信息系统,作为一项系统工程,只有结合城市遥感、多元信息复合等相关学科,才能发挥其优势,为政论及有关部门决策提供有力的依据。     

大气反常折射对星表和参考系的影响

在过去的时间纬度工作中,对大气反常折射的研究证明,大气反常折射给时问纬度测量带来了严重的影响。而当时大多数星表的编制都是时间纬度测量的副产品,无疑大气反常折射也给这些星表带来严重的误差影响。过去我国的经典天体测量工作以测时、测纬为主,这一问题并没有得到重视。在星表和参考系工作已成为我国基本天休测量工作的一项主要内容的今天,对大气反常折射的测量与研究,尤其对有效的测量应得到足够的重视。作者根据自己的实际测量和研究指出,大气反常折射主要由观测室周围不良小气候的造成,其中以具有周年变化和周日变化的大气反常折射对初始星表系统的影响最为严重。并分别讨论了这种反常折射对子午星表、等高星表和参考系的影响,提出了今后开展这方面工作的建议。     

广西江平盆地侏罗系层序地层特征

江平盆地侏罗系为一套内陆河湖相沉积,地层结构及岩性变化复杂。可分３个基本层序组,其变化特征,反映了中晚侏罗世江平盆地从扩张到萎缩时期沉积变化规律和沉积体系域变化过程,具有物源丰富、湖水浅、相变快等沉积特点,其层序地层及体系域特征与大陆边缘盆地相比有较大的差异。     

基于智能手机GNSS双频原始观测值的电离层延迟提取与分析

基于智能手机GNSS（全球导航卫星系统）观测值的研究主要集中于观测值质量分析和定位算法,在大气应用方面关注度则较为有限.本文基于全球首款支持GNSS双频信号的小米8智能手机和超短基线的Trimble Alloy测地型接收机,利用原始GNSS双频载波相位观测值,考虑连续历元间电离层变化较小从而进行观测值质量控制策略,评估了小米8智能手机电离层提取精度.研究结果表明：卫星高度角或载噪比较高的条件下,智能手机观测值可能依然是无效的,设置卫星高度角或载噪比阈值的方法进行质量控制不再适用.小米8提取的电离层延迟与测地型接收机呈现了很好的一致性,但其波动幅度略高于测地型接收机,提取精度优于0.2 TECU,表明智能手机GNSS观测值用于大气应用是可行的.     

基于GNSS的空间环境参数反演平台及精度评估

基于全球和区域全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）参考站网进行对流层和电离层参数反演实现空间环境变化监测具有成本低、精度高、实时性好等优点,得到了广泛应用.本文基于南京信息工程大学的北斗/GNSS空间环境监测平台Xsensing,以国际GNSS服务组织提供的对流层产品为参考,评估了不同气象条件下对流层参数反演精度,在此基础上采用固定非差模糊度的精密单点定位技术（PPP）实现高精度电离层参数反演.实验结果表明,基于全球参考站的对流层估计误差偏差为0.05 mm,对应的标准差为5.6 mm,在平稳和剧烈的气象条件下均能反映水汽变化趋势特征.基于短基线进行电离层延迟反演精度评估,结果表明浮点解PPP反演电离层延迟误差的平均偏差为-0.09 TECU,精度为0.38 TECU,采用非差模糊度固定技术对电离层延迟提取精度提高达84.2％;静态模拟动态解算模式下电离层估计精度与静态相当.上述结果表明该平台可实现高精度空间环境参数反演,下一步将融合机载、船载等多种平台观测实现中小尺度空间变化监测.     

Validating ocean tide loading models using GPS

Ocean tides cause periodic deformations of the Earths surface, also referred to as ocean tide loading (OTL). Tide-induced displacements of the Earths crust relying on OTL models are usually taken into account in GPS (Global Positioning System) data analyses. On the other hand, it is also possible to validate OTL models using GPS analyses. The following simple approach is used to validate OTL models. Based on a particular model, instantaneous corrections of the site coordinates due to OTL are computed. Site-specific scale factors, f, for these corrections are estimated in a standard least-squares adjustment process of GPS observations together with other relevant parameters. A resulting value of f close to unity indicates a good agreement of the model with the actual site displacements. Such scale factors are computed for about 140 globally distributed IGS (International GPS Service) tracking sites. Three OTL models derived from the ocean tide models FES95.2.1, FES99, and GOT00.2 are analyzed. As expected, the most reliable factors are estimated for sites with a large loading effect. In general, the scaling factors have a value close to unity and no significant differences between the three ocean tide models could be observed. It is found that the validation approach is easy to apply. Without requiring much additional effort for a global and self-consistent GPS data analysis, it allows detection of general model misfits on the basis of a large number of globally distributed sites. For detailed validation studies on OTL models, the simultaneous estimation of amplitudes and phases for the main contributing partial tides within a GPS parameter adjustment process would provide more detailed answers.     

数字震害评估的发展与应用

随着网络化地理信息系统的应用、全球定位系统的普及应用和卫星遥感影像分辨率的不断提高,“数字地球”技术在地震工程领域的应用逐渐成熟,数字化震害评估符合现代地震工程的发展趋势。本文综述了数字化技术在地震工程领域的研究现状及其发展前景,提出了利用“3S”技术进行数字震害评估的设想。     

NOAA Weather Radio (NWR) – A Coastal Solution to Tsunami Alert and Notification

The Washington State/Local Tsunami Work Group adopted the NOAA Weather Radio All-Hazards Warning System to warn citizens quickly and effectively of not only tsunami hazards but also other natural or man-made hazards. In concert with an array of deep ocean tsunami detectors, land-based seismic sensors, and warning messages issued by the tsunami warning centers, NWR provides a means to expeditiously get critical decision-making information to emergency managers, elected officials, and first responders. To implement the NWR strategy effectively, a partnership was developed to add a repeater to the NWR system to provide complete coverage to the coast of Washington and to shipping lanes off the coast. The Work Group also recognized the need to disseminate time critical hazard information on tsunamis to the public on beaches and in high traffic areas, so it developed a new notification system, with the first prototype installed on 2 July 2003 in Ocean Shores, Washington. A public education program also was developed to improve the impacted communities understanding of the tsunami hazard, the warning system, and actions they should take if a tsunami occurs.     

A shock-wave heating model for chondrule formation II. Minimum size of chondrule precursors

Chondrule formation due to the shock wave heating of dust particles with a wide variety of shock properties are examined. We numerically simulate the steady postshock region in a framework of one-dimensional hydrodynamics, taking into account many of the physical and chemical processes that determine the properties of the region, especially nonequilibrium chemical reactions of gas species. We mainly focus on the dust particle shrinkage due to the evaporation in the postshock hot gas and the precursor size conditions for chondrule formation. We find that the small precursors whose radii are smaller than a critical value, , cannot form chondrules because they evaporate away completely in the postshock region. The minimum value of is about 10 μm, though it depends on the shock speed and the preshock gas density. Furthermore, we demonstrate the chondrule size distributions which are formed through the shock-wave heating. These results indicate that the shock-wave heating model can be regarded as a strong candidate for the mechanism of chondrule formation.     

The role of the Pernicana Fault System in the spreading of Mt. Etna (Italy) during the 2002–2003 eruption

Flank instability and collapse are observed at many volcanoes. Among these, Mt. Etna is characterized by the spreading of its eastern and southern flanks. The eastern spreading area is bordered to the north by the E–W-trending Pernicana Fault System (PFS). During the 2002–2003 Etna eruption, ground fracturing along the PFS migrated eastward from the NE Rift, to as far as the 18 km distant coastline. The deformation consisted of dextral en-echelon segments, with sinistral and normal kinematics. Both of these components of displacement were one order of magnitude larger (~1 m) in the western, previously known, portion of the PFS with respect to the newly surveyed (~9 km long) eastern section (~0.1 m). This eastern section is located along a pre-existing, but previously unknown, fault, where displaced man-made structures give overall slip rates (1–1.9 cm/year), only slightly lower than those calculated for the western portion (1.4–2.3 cm/year). After an initial rapid motion during the first days of the 2002–2003 eruption, movement of the western portion of the PFS decreased dramatically, while parts of the eastern portion continued to move. These data suggest a model of spreading of the eastern flank of Etna along the PFS, characterized by eruptions along the NE Rift, instantaneous, short-lived, meter-scale displacements along the western PFS and more long-lived centimeter-scale displacements along the eastern PFS. The surface deformation then migrated southwards, reactivating, one after the other, the NNW–SSE-trending Timpe and Trecastagni faults, with displacements of ~0.1 and ~0.04 m, respectively. These structures, along with the PFS, mark the boundaries of two adjacent blocks, moving at different times and rates. The new extent of the PFS and previous activity over its full length indicate that the sliding eastern flank extends well below the Ionian Sea. The clustering of seismic activity above 4 km b.s.l. during the eruption suggests a deep décollement for the moving mass. The collected data thus suggests a significant movement (volume >1,100 km³) of the eastern flank of Etna, both on-shore and off-shore.Editorial responsibility: R. Cioni