桂西大新-钦甲地区辉绿岩脉地球化学与锆石U-Pb同位素年代学及对碳硅泥岩型铀矿床成因的启示

碳硅泥岩型铀矿床是我国铀矿地质工作者建立的铀矿床类型,是我国四大铀矿工业类型之一。桂西地区是我国华南地区一个重要的碳硅泥岩型铀矿床产出区域,包括大新(373)铀矿床等多个典型铀矿床(点)。研究辉绿岩与矿床成因的联系,对重新认识矿床成因有重要意义。本文在对桂西大新-钦甲地区碳硅泥岩型铀矿床和辉绿岩脉野外地质研究的基础上,系统研究了辉绿岩的地质特征、岩石学、地球化学特征以及其中锆石的U-Pb同位素年代学特征,在此基础上,探讨了辉绿岩的成岩与碳硅泥岩型铀矿床成矿间的关系。元素地球化学特征显示Rb、U、Th、Ba等大离子亲石元素的含量都高于MORB值,高场强元素Ta、Nb、Zr、Hf等均相对于MORB有所富集,而HREE元素中等亏损,表明本区辉绿岩属于富集地幔特征的板内碱性玄武岩系列(WPB),属于华南陆内伸展构造背景下软流圈上涌导致富集岩石圈地幔部分熔融形成的铁镁质岩浆发生侵位的产物。辉绿岩脉3个样品的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为86. 7±0. 9Ma、89. 05±0. 96Ma、91. 6±8. 3Ma,表明形成于晚白垩纪早期,与华南地区与中基性岩脉有关的铀矿床成矿时代具有较好的对应关系,也与华南地区广泛分布的中生代基性岩脉时代一致,对应于华南白垩纪构造应力场中四次重要的拉张活动时代中的一期。辉绿岩脉锆石特征指示了辉绿岩成岩过程对矿源层中铀的活化所产生的重要作用以及成岩与成矿之间的热动力联系;结合元素地球化学、矿床成矿年龄和辉绿岩锆石UPb同位素年龄研究结果表明,区内铀矿床具有多期成矿特点,即"沉积期铀预富集、辉绿岩作用下二次预富集、后期热液再次富集成矿",可能是该类型矿床成矿作用的重要形式。     

Extensional collapse of the Gondwana orogen: Evidence from Cambrian mafic magmatism in the Trivandrum Block,southern India

The assembly of Late Neoproterozoice Cambrian supercontinent Gondwana involved prolonged subduction and accretion generating arc magmatic and accretionary complexes, culminating in collision and formation of high grade metamorphic orogens. Here we report evidence for mafic magmatism associated with post-collisional extension from a suite of gabbroic rocks in the Trivandrum Block of southern Indian Gondwana fragment. Our petrological and geochemical data on these gabbroic suite show that they are analogous to high Fe tholeiitic basalts with evolution of the parental melts dominantly controlled by fractional crystallization. They display enrichment of LILE and LREE and depletion of HFSE with negative anomalies at Zre Hf and Ti corresponding to subduction zone magmatic regime. The tectonic affinity of the gabbros coupled with their geochemical features endorse a heterogeneous mantle source with collective melt contributions from sub-slab asthenospheric mantle upwelling through slab break-off and arc-related metasomatized mantle wedge, with magma emplacement in subduction to post-collisional intraplate settings. The high Nb contents and positive Nbe Ta anomalies of the rocks are attributed to inflow of asthenospheric melts containing ancient recycled subducted slab components and/or fusion of subducted slab materials owing to upwelling of hot asthenosphere. Zircon grains from the gabbros show magmatic crystallization texture with low U and Pb content. The LA-ICPMS analyses show ²⁰⁶ Pb/²³⁸ U mean ages in the range of 507-494 Ma suggesting Cambrian mafic magmatism. The post-collisional mafic magmatism identified in our study provides new insights into mantle dynamics during the waning stage of the birth of a supercontinent.     

岩浆(型)碳酸岩研究进展

主要从岩石学，矿物学，岩石分类，C，O，Sr同位素，碳酸岩与矿化的关系等各方面对（碱性）碳酸岩的研究进行了较为全面的总结，并结合近20年来实验岩石等，流体包裹体研究，CO2^- H2O－NaCl流体体系的性质的研究，对碳酸岩岩浆的来源及成因，岩浆－热液的演化进行了分析和探讨，碳酸岩形成至少经历了三个阶段，即岩浆阶段，岩浆期后阶段（气相碳酸岩／岩浆热液阶段），交代碳酸岩阶段，而作为与碳酸岩在空间和成因上有密切联系的基性，超基性岩，碱性岩杂岩体，则经历了碳酸岩成岩阶段以前的岩浆不混熔作用，结晶分异作用，岩浆结晶作用以及碳酸岩形成之后的围岩蚀变（霓长岩化）作用。     

1995年云南孟连西7.3级地震前震序列特征及其与主震的关系

在分析１９９５年云南孟连西７３级地震的前震序列时,发现跟踪最大前震６２级的余震序列中,有一组较大震级的地震呈现出随时间的增长不断线性递增的特点,这种特点在云南其他震例中也曾多次出现过。利用修正的大森公式ｎ（ｔ）＝ｋ／（ｔ＋ｃ）ｐ拟合该序列,在获得的参数重新构造的频度－线性化时间坐标中,这一组地震显示出与海城前震序列随时间变化震级出现非线性增强的共同特征。采用表征物质加速应变而失稳的方程ｄ（∑Ｍ０１／２）／ｄｔ＝ｃ／（ｔｍ－ｔ）ｎ,对孟连西前震序列多方面进行跟踪定量分析,预测主震的发生时间平均比实发时间仅推迟２６ｍｉｎ,震级相差０１７级。     

南海礼乐盆地礁体水热循环及其对地温场的影响

南海礼乐盆地自渐新世以来持续发育碳酸盐岩礁体,礁体区地温场可能受到礁体与周围低温海水间水热循环的扰动.为了解礁体与周围海水间的热交换过程及其对礁体区地温场的影响,以便从位于礁体区的钻井测温数据中提取深部热信息,本文以过礁体区S-1井的地震剖面为基础,在流热耦合条件下对礁体内的水热活动进行数值模拟.结果表明,礁体与海水间存在水热交换,该水热活动对礁体区温度场有明显的扰动,使得礁体上部温度和地温梯度明显降低,进入礁体下伏地层后,地温梯度逐渐趋于正常;水热循环对礁体区地温场的影响程度与礁体的厚度和渗透率密切相关,礁体厚度越大、渗透率越高,礁体及其下伏地层温度越低;计算剖面中,2100 m厚礁体之下可能存在约400 m厚、渗透率约为3×10^-12 m²的高渗碎屑岩层,高渗层上覆礁体平均渗透率估计介于1×10^-13～5×10^-12 m²之间.分析表明,在受水热活动影响的礁体区,礁体下伏地层中的热流可近似代表礁体区的深部热背景,S-1钻井深部热流介于65～75 mW·m^-2     

Dating synmagmatic folds: a case study of Schlingen structures in the Strona-Ceneri Zone (Southern Alps, northern Italy)

The Strona-Ceneri Zone (Southern Alps) contains folds with moderately to steeply inclined axial planes and fold axes, and amplitudes of up to several kilometres (so-called 'Schlingen'). These amphibolite facies folds deform the main schistosity of Late Ordovician metagranitoids and are discordantly overlain by unmetamorphic Permian sedimentary rocks. Mutually cross-cutting relationships between these folds and garnet-bearing leucotonalitic dykes indicate that these dykes were emplaced during folding. Sm–Nd systematics and the strongly peraluminous composition of these dykes point to an anatectic origin. Pb step leaching of magmatic garnet from a leucotonalitic dyke yielded a 321.3±2.3  Ma intrusive age. Rb–Sr ages on muscovites from leucotonalitic dykes range from 307 to 298  Ma, interpreted as cooling ages during retrograde amphibolite facies metamorphism. Conventional U–Pb data of zircons from an older granodioritic dyke that pre-dates the Schlingen folds yielded discordant U–Pb ages ranging from 371 to 294  Ma. These ages reflect a more complicated multi-episodic growth history which is consistent with the observed polyphase structural overprint of this dyke. Schlingen folding was accompanied by prograde amphibolite facies metamorphism, during the thermal peak of which the leucotonalitic dyke material was generated by partial melting in a deeper source region from where these S-type magmas intruded the presently exposed level. Because partial melting may occur in a relatively late stage of a clockwise P–T–t path, or even during decompression on the retrograde path, we do not exclude the possibility that Schlingen folding had already started in Early Carboniferous time. Schlingen folds also occur in Penninic and Austroalpine basement units with a very similar pre-Alpine history, indicating that Variscan folding affected large segments of the future Alpine realm.     

Geochemical and isotopic (Sr,C, O) data from the alkaline complex of Grønnedal-ĺka (South Greenland): evidence for unmixing and crustal contamination

The alkaline intrusion of Grønnedal-ka (South Greenland) is the oldest of the ten major rift-related plutonic complexes of southern Greenland that intruded during the Gardar period between 1330 and 1150 Ma into the 2.6-Ga-old gneisses and metasediments of the Ketilidian basement. The Grønnedal-ka alkaline intrusion consists of carbonatites, silicocarbonatites, transitional carbonatites and nepheline-bearing syenites. The silicocarbonatites exhibit locally ocellar textures that are typical for immiscibility processes. A ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr initial ratio of about 0.703184 major and trace element compositions—including REE and C-, and O-isotope data from 15 carbonatite, 12 silicocarbonatite, 10 transitional carbonatite and 8 syenite and samples—provide evidence for minor crustal contamination of the mantle-derived magma that generated by unmixing carbonatites, silicocarbonatites and syenites. A scatter in major and trace element contents and isotope ratios is related to late- to post-magmatic alteration processes. The Grønnedal-ka silicocarbonatites are one of the rather rare cases in which unmixing of a highly alkaline mantle-derived magma into an alkalisilicate and a carbonatitic magma-fraction under plutonic conditions is well documented by textural and geochemical data.     

Radial patterns of bitumen dykes around Quaternary volcanoes,provinces of northern Neuquén and southernmost Mendoza,Argentina

Where the Neuquén Basin of Argentina abuts the Andes, hundreds of veins of solid hydrocarbon (bitumen) are visible at the surface. Many of these veins became mines, especially in the last century. By consensus, the bitumen has resulted from maturation of organic-rich shales, especially the Vaca Muerta Fm of Late Jurassic age, but also the Agrio Fm of Early Cretaceous age. To account for their maturation, recent authors have invoked regional subsidence, whereas early geologists invoked magmatic activity. During 12 field seasons (since 1998), we have tracked down the bitumen localities, mapped the veins and host rocks, sampled them, studied their compositions, and dated some of them. In the provinces of northern Neuquén and southernmost Mendoza, the bitumen veins are mostly sub-vertical dykes. They tend to be straight and continuous, crosscutting regional structures and strata of all ages, from Jurassic to Palaeocene. Most of the localities lie within 70 km of Tromen volcano, although four are along the Rio Colorado fault zone and another two are at the base of Auca Mahuida volcano. On both volcanic edifices, lavas are of late Pliocene to Pleistocene age. Although regionally many of the bitumen dykes tend to track the current direction of maximum horizontal tectonic stress (ENE), others do not. However, most of the dykes radiate outward from the volcanoes, especially Tromen. Thicknesses of dykes tend to be greatest close to Tromen and where the host rocks are the most resistant to fracturing. Many of the dykes occur in the exhumed hanging walls of deep thrusts, especially at the foot of Tromen. Here the bitumen is in places of high grade (impsonite), whereas further out it tends to be of medium grade (grahamite). A few bitumen dykes contain fragments of Vaca Muerta shale, so that we infer forceful expulsion of source rock. At Curacó Mine, some shale fragments contain bedding-parallel veins of fibrous calcite (beef) and these contain some bitumen, which is geochemically of low grade. In contrast, a large crosscutting bitumen dyke is of higher grade and formed later. At other localities, near basement faults, bitumen dykes have cap-rocks of hydrothermal calcrete. Other dykes or their wall rocks contain hydrothermal minerals. Finally, some dykes splay upward towards the current land surface. We conclude that (1) the bitumen dykes formed during volcanic activity in Pliocene–Pleistocene times, and that (2) heat advection by hydrothermal fluids helped to generate oil, which migrated upwards or downwards from the source rock and filled intrusive veins, before solidifying to bitumen, by loss of volatile elements. This unconventional hydrocarbon system may have significant implications for regional exploration in the foothills of the Andes.     

北阿尔金拉配泉米兰群片麻岩及其中两期基性岩墙群LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

北阿尔金拉配泉北侧米兰群混合角闪斜长片麻岩被2期基性岩墙群(辉绿玢岩和棕闪煌斑岩)侵位。本次分别对三者进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素侧年。混合岩化角闪斜长片麻岩中锆石结晶年龄为2007Ma±25Ma,结合西北地区2.0Ga左右广泛的构造-热事件,可能与Columbia超大陆汇聚有关。辉绿玢岩和棕闪煌斑岩的年龄结构相似,锆石较老年龄组分分别为1962～2093Ma和1804～2038Ma,系在侵位时从围岩(混合角闪斜长片麻岩)中捕获的锆石的年龄;最年轻的年龄组分(79～94Ma)代表基性岩墙群的侵位时间,与阿尔金北缘断裂伸展活动有关;古生代年龄(288～504Ma)为岩墙群上侵过程中同化混染北阿尔金蛇绿混杂岩带部分岩石的年龄。