The Sunda Shelf—A Submerged Amazon Basin?

A crucial and debatable issue in paleoclimatology is the change of terrestrial vegetation and the role of its carbon storage in glacial cycles. In the modern world, the Amazon Basin hosts the largest tropical rainforest and plays a major role of carbon sink, but during the glacial times another large tropical rainforest must have formed in the then emerged Sunda Shelf, SE Asia, and significantly changed the global carbon cycling. Accordingly, ocean drilling expeditions to the Sunda Shelf are being proposed in order to investigate the sea level changes, evolution of river network, vegetation and carbon storage, as well as biogeography of the tropical region over the last millions of years.     

Origin and Distribution Factors of Sour Gases in Natural Gas Reservoirs in the Amu Darya Right Bank Block,Turkmenistan

Through the analysis of original carbon isotopes in the blocks on the right bank of the Amu Darya River, Turkmenistan, it can be firstly concluded that the carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the sour gas reservoirs belongs to the inorganic-origin gas. The origin of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) in the Amu Darya Right Bank Block is thermochemical sulfate reduction from the detailed analysis of hydrocarbon source rocks data, reservoir characteristics, vitrinite reflectance of organic matter, and sour gas content. Then, the factors affecting the distribution of sour gases in the Amu Darya Right Bank Block were investigated by the analysis of conventional sour gas distribution factors including geological structure, fracture and fault, caprock integrity, sedimentary facies, reservoir types, lithofacies, the source of sulfur and so on. The following basic findings were achieved: ① The basement rift in the study area is conductive to the distribution of CO₂. The caprock integrity contributes to the concentration of CO₂. The gas reservoirs in the biological dike reefs, patch reefs and overthrust zones usually have medium CO₂ content. ② The geological structure and fracture caused the complexity of the distribution of H₂S. The gypsum-salt rock in upper Jurassic-Tithonian is an important sulphur source, and the main hydrocarbon source rocks are also the major sulfur source of H₂S gas reservoirs. Furthermore, the giant gypsum layers in the middle-upper Jurassic Callovian-Oxfordian and the upper Jurassic-Tithonian are conductive to preservation of H₂S, and the small openings and holes in the reservoir is also correlative to the distribution of H₂S. ③ The H₂S in the study area is mostly distributed in the formations with the geothermal temperature of higher than 100 ℃. The open platform deep-water sedimentary facies are harmful to the formation of H₂S. The patch reef and overthrust zones belong to the belts of low H₂S content, however, the biological dike reef zones belong to the belts of medium-high H₂S content. However, the origin and distribution factors of sour gases in natural gas reservoirs were obtained. At the same time, it was pointed out that more necessary and accurately quantitative research is still needed to determine the origin and distribution of acid gases in the Amu Darya Right Bank Block, Turkmenistan.     

The role of biogenic structures on the biogeochemical functioning of mangrove constructed wetlands sediments - A mesocosm approach

Benthic metabolism (measured as CO₂ production) and carbon oxidation pathways were evaluated in 4 mangrove mesocosms subjected daily to seawater or 60% sewage in the absence or presence of mangrove trees and biogenic structures (pneumatophores and crab burrows). Total CO₂ emission from darkened sediments devoid of biogenic structures at pristine conditions was comparable during inundation (immersion) and air exposure (emersion), although increased 2-7 times in sewage contaminated mesocosms. Biogenic structures increased low tide carbon gas emissions at contaminated (30%) and particularly pristine conditions (60%). When sewage was loaded into the mesocosms under unvegetated and planted conditions, iron reduction was substituted by sulfate reduction and contribution of aerobic respiration to total metabolism remained above 50%. Our results clearly show impacts of sewage on the partitioning of electron acceptors in mangrove sediment and confirm the importance of biogenic structures for biogeochemical functioning but also on greenhouse gases emission.     

红外传感器用于断层气体测量

介绍新型红外气体观测仪的结构、主要技术指标、优缺点以及解决其不足之处的方法;通过分析红外气体观测仪在台站试验中取得的观测数据,探索出一种将红外气体传感技术应用于断层气观测的新方法。     

泥河水库春季水-气界面二氧化碳通量与其影响因子的相关性分析

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对泥河水库春季水-气界面二氧化碳通量值进行连续24h观测,对其变化趋势及影响因素加以分析。结果表明:泥河水库24h均为大气CO2的源,其碳通量均值为26.50mg/(m2·h),全天源的极大值出现在1∶00为32.38mg/(m2·h),源的极小值出现在13∶00为20.15mg/(m2·h)。在春季影响泥河水库水-气界面CO2通量变化的主要因素是气温、叶绿素和风速,相关系数分别为0.671、0.625、0.253。结论:水库水-气界面CO2通量的变化是多种因素共同作用的结果,春季水库是大气CO2主要碳源之一。     

闽江河口咸草湿地冬季甲烷和二氧化碳通量及影响因子分析

闽江河口是我国东南沿海典型的开放式感潮河口,咸草Cyperus malaccensis var.brevifolius为闽江河口区最大的鳝鱼滩沼泽湿地的主要土著种。采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,测定了2008年冬季(11月、12月和次年1月)咸草湿地涨潮前、涨落潮过程中和落潮后3个阶段排向大气环境的甲烷(CH4)和二氧化碳(CO2)通量特征。结果表明,涨落潮过程中咸草湿地排向大气环境的甲烷通量小于涨潮前和落潮后,在时间上表现为冬季3个月甲烷排放通量持续下降;咸草湿地二氧化碳通量同样表现为涨落潮过程中小于涨潮前和落潮后,在时间上也呈递减趋势;氧化还原电位(Eh)以及pH值对咸草湿地甲烷和二氧化碳排放通量具有不同程度的影响。     

湖泊自生碳酸盐碳同位素在环境变化中的应用

湖泊自生碳酸盐碳同位素组成(δ13Cc)在区域气候与环境变化方面的应用研究近年来进展迅速,成果显著,保存在各类湖泊沉积物柱芯中的δ13Cc记录揭示了湖表水体与大气CO2的交换程度、暖季降水量的多少、流域C3和C4植被变化情况、水生生物光合作用或呼吸作用强弱、湖泊生产力大小、湖泊水体化学特征、湖水不同深度层的有机质变化过程等重要的气候和环境信息;对此进行归纳和述评。     

Simulation of the subsurface mobility of carbon nanoparticles at the field scale

The production and use of nanomaterials will inevitably lead to their disposal in the natural environment. To assess the risk that these materials pose to human and ecosystem health an understanding of their mobility and ultimate fate is essential. To date, however, relatively little research has been conducted on the fate of nanoparticles in subsurface systems. In this study the subsurface mobility of two carbon nanoparticles: nano-fullerenes (nC₆₀) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is assessed. A two-dimensional finite element model was used to simulate the movement of these nanoparticles under a range of hydrologic and geological conditions, including a heterogeneous permeability field. The numerical model is based on colloid filtration theory (CFT) with a maximum retention capacity term. For the conditions evaluated the carbon nanotubes are much more mobile than nC₆₀ due to the smaller collector efficiency associated with carbon nanotubes. However, the mobility of nC₆₀ increased significantly when a maximum retention capacity term was included in the model. Model results also demonstrate that, for the systems examined, nanoparticles were predicted to be less mobile in heterogeneous systems compared to the homogeneous systems with the same average hydraulic properties.     

造礁珊瑚碳、氮、硼同位素的海洋酸化指示意义

大气CO2体积分数升高导致的海洋酸化不仅会降低海水pH,还会改变其碳酸盐平衡体系,使得海水中文石饱和度（Ω）降低,相应地会降低珊瑚钙化的速率。已有研究表明：珊瑚骨骼δ13C、δ11B和δ15N具有记录Suess Effect、生物生产力、海水pH值以及营养源的能力;主要表现为：δ11B记录的pH值、δ13C记录的海水无机碳库（DIC）δ13C和生物生产力,以及δ15N记录的陆源物质输送量相结合,可用来指示受季风影响的南海“大陆架碳泵”和近海污染与海洋酸化的联系。目前关于珊瑚对海洋酸化的记录研究仍相对较少,珊瑚碳-氮-硼同位素组合的应用将会加深对于海洋酸化与气候变率和全球碳、氮循环的关系的认识,可能成为揭示海水pH值变化规律性的重要手段。     

The role of visualisation in the choice of stationary non-separable space–time covariance functions: an application to air pollution data

Modelling spatio-temporal dependencies resulting from dynamic processes that evolve in both space and time is essential in many scientific fields. Spatio-temporal Kriging is one of the space–time procedures, which has progressed the most over the last few years. Kriging predictions strongly depend on the covariance function associated with the stochastic process under study. Therefore, the choice of such a covariance function, which is usually based on empirical covariance, is a core aspect in the prediction procedure. As the empirical covariance is not necessarily a permissible covariance function, it is necessary to fit a valid covariance model. Due to the complexity of these valid models in the spatio-temporal case, visualising them is of great help, at least when selecting the set of candidate models to represent the spatio-temporal dependencies suggested by the empirical covariogram. We focus on the visualisation of the most interesting stationary non-separable covariance functions and how they change as their main parameters take different values. We wrote a specialised code for visualisation purposes. In order to illustrate the usefulness of visualisation when choosing the appropriate non-separable spatio-temporal covariance model, we focus on an important pollution problem, namely the levels of carbon monoxide, in the city of Madrid, Spain.