Chloride and Bromide Loss from Sea-Salt Particles in Southern Ocean Air

Datasets on aerosol composition in Southern Ocean air at Cape Grim and Macquarie Island, and rainwater composition at Cape Grim, have been analysed for sea-salt components in order to test the validity of the multiphase autocatalytic halogen activation process proposed initially by Sander and Crutzen (1996) and developed fully for clean marine air by Vogt et al. (1996). Four distinct datasets from the two locations were analysed. All four datasets provided consistent evidence in support of three predictions of the autocatalytic model: (1) overall Cl- deficits in sea-salt aerosol were small, difficult to quantify against analytical uncertainty and at most a few percent; (2) Br- deficits were large, averaging –30% to –50% on an annual basis, with strong seasonality ranging from about –10% in some winter samples to –80% or more in some summer samples; and (3) the Br- and Cl- deficits were clearly linked to the availability of strong, S-acidity in the aerosol, confirming the importance of acid catalysis to the dehalogenation process.     

Current Nature of the Kuroshio in the Vicinity of the Kii Peninsula

The Kuroshio flows very close to Cape Shionomisaki when it takes a straight path. The detailed observations of the Kuroshio were made both on board the R/V Seisui-maru of Mie University and on board the R/V Wakayama of the Wakayama Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station on June 11–14, 1996. It was confirmed that the current zone of the Kuroshio touches the coast and bottom slope just off Cape Shionomiaki, and that the coastal water to the east of the cape was completely separated from that to the west. The relatively high sea level difference between Kushimoto and Uragami could be caused by this separation of the coastal waters when the Kuroshio takes a straight path. This flow is rather curious, as the geostrophic flow, which has a barotropic nature and touches the bottom, would be constrained to follow bottom contours due to the vorticity conservation law. The reason why the Kuroshio leaves the bottom slope to the east of Cape Shionomisaki is attributed to the high curvature of the bottom contours there: if the current were to follow the contours, the centrifugal term in the equation of motion would become large and comparablee to the Coriolis (or pressure gradient) term, and the geostrophic balance would be destroyed. This creates a current-shadow zone just to the east of the cape. As the reason why the current zone of the Kuroshio intrudes into the coastal region to the west of the cape, it is suggested that the Kii Bifurcation Current off the southwest coast of the Kii Peninsula, which is usually found when the Kuroshio takes the straight path, has the effect of drawing the Kuroshio water into the coastal region. The sea level difference between Kushimoto and Uragami is often used to monitor the flow pattern of the Kuroshio near the Kii Peninsula. It should be noted that Uragami is located in the current shadow zone, while Kushimoto lies in the region where the offshore Kuroshio water intrudes into the coastal region. The resulting large sea level difference indicates that the Kuroshio is flowing along the straight path.     

Chlorophyll fluorescence responses to additions of Pinus rigida L. pollen in freshwater kettle ponds of Cape Cod National Seashore (Massachusetts,USA)

Terrestrial ecosystems contribute many different forms of organic matter to adjacent waterbodies. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in this material can significantly influence the planktonic communities of these systems, especially where there is a large proportion of contributing area relative to waterbody size and where nutrients are generally in short supply. Plant pollen, which upon degradation releases nutrients into the water column, is one such source of allochthonous material. In Cape Cod (Massachusetts, USA), large amounts of pollen from dense pitch pine (Pinus rigida L.) forest are deposited in late spring into small, freshwater lakes scattered across the landscape. This study examines in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence responses of surface-water samples collected from three such lakes within Cape Cod National Seashore (Wellfleet and Truro) to additions of P. rigida pollen in a laboratory setting. The results indicate that where influxes are high enough, pollen can have a stimulatory effect on phytoplankton communities and is a short-term nutrient subsidy in these systems at a time of year (May-June) when warming temperatures and faster growth rates elevate the demand for nutrients.     

珠三角外向型制造业非正规部门的形成发展机制——以广州市狮岭镇皮具产业为例

作为世界城市化发展中的普遍现象,非正规部门的形成发展一直是研究重点。以广州狮岭皮具产业为例,以非正规工厂和临时工为对象,研究了外向型制造业中非正规部门的形成发展机制。研究认为：正规企业为满足产品生产和降低成本的需求而采取的生产分包模式是非正规部门形成的根本因素;正规企业劳动保障的缺失与工人对自由轻松的工作方式的追求促使工人转入非正规工厂和临时工市场,推动了非正规部门的发展;当地宽松的管制环境为非正规部门的存在提供了可能。全球金融危机在短期内对非正规部门的发展起到了催化作用。研究支持了新马克思主义理论,认为正规部门和非正规部门是相互联系的关系,是产业经济发展中有利的组成要素。非正规部门不是劳动者进入正规部门的“跳板”,而是他们逃避正规经济过度剥削的“避难所”。最后讨论了有关非正规部门和非正规劳动者的政策启示。     

辽宁佟二堡皮革制造集群与专业市场共同演化

制造集群和专业市场分别由经济活动的生产环节和销售环节在空间上高度集聚形成,两者间互动融合已成为中国沿海地区产业转型升级的新路径。基于共同演化理论分析框架,以辽宁佟二堡镇皮革产业为例,通过实地调研和企业访谈,研究制造集群和专业市场的形成与共同演化过程及其驱动机理,重点考察政府和企业衍生在推动两者共同演化过程中的作用。研究表明,佟二堡镇皮革制造集群与专业市场遵循共生发展型演化模式,呈现出产业规模共同扩大、组织方式共同演进、产业分工共同深化的共同演化过程。东北广阔的消费市场、地方政府的积极推动、制造集群和专业市场内企业衍生是引致两者共同演化的主要原因。     

Effects of sediment on fish communities in East Cape streams,North Island,New Zealand

We examined the effects of sediment on fish communities at 38 sites in the East Cape region of New Zealand. Many streams in this region are subject to high sediment loads, a natural situation that has been exacerbated by the conversion of native forest to pasture. The fish community consisted of diadromous native species common throughout New Zealand that require access to and from the sea. We found that site altitude and distance inland were important factors in determining the abundance and composition of the fish community. We used four measures as indices of sediment load: suspended sediment concentration, median substrate size, substrate stability, and the ratio of the wetted width to the width of the active (non‐vegetated) stream channel. Although all indices were correlated, the ratio of wetted width to width of active channel was most closely related to fish abundance and diversity. Fish abundance and diversity reduced as sediment load increased among streams, with up to nine fish species in streams with low sediment loads and only two species in streams with high sediment loads. In‐stream habitat also varied with sediment load; as load increased, depth and substrate size decreased and velocity increased. These results suggest that activities that increase sediment loads in rivers will have a negative impact on native fish communities in New Zealand.     

The KwaZulu-Natal sardine run: shoal distribution in relation to nearshore environmental conditions, 1997–2007

The nearshore presence of sardine Sardinops sagax on the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) coast was investi-gated using sightings data collected by the KZN Sharks Board from 1997 to 2007. The spatio-temporal distribution of sardine was described in relation to that of their predators and to environmental conditions, and subjected to generalised linear model (GLM) and generalised additive model (GAM) analyses. Variables describing spatio-temporal conditions performed best in the models (r² = 0.52) with seasonal effects, specifically June and July, making the greatest contribution towards sardine presence. The contribution of the years 2003, 2006 and 2007, and the KZN North Coast, was signif-icantly lower. The predator variables were highly significant (r² = 0.48) with Cape gannets Morus capensis, followed by the sharks/gamefish and common dolphins Delphinus capensis, being most closely associated with sardine presence. Environmental variables were not as influential in the GLM models (r² = 0.23), but some variables were useful in describing conditions favouring sardine presence, namely calm current conditions, light north-westerly land breezes and stable atmospheric conditions. Increasing sea surface temperature (SST), moderate north to south currents, large swells and turbid water had a negative impact upon sardine presence. North-easterly and north-westerly winds and north to south currents had a cooling effect upon nearshore SSTs, whereas south-easterly winds and increasing air temperatures caused nearshore warming. Results are discussed in the context of developing an understanding of the mechanisms that govern fine-scale movements of sardine shoals during the KZN sardine run, with a view to predicting such movements.     

广东吴川吴阳古沉船为明代古船文献考析

广东吴川吴阳镇是国家级的历史文化名镇,境内历史文物众多.因濒临南海,自古为雷州半岛与外界交往的海洋通道.据考察研究及文物普查,该镇存在着一处古沉船遗址.沉船年代未明,一说为唐宋船,一说为近代外国船.通过民俗、历史地理遗迹调查,结合相关历史文献,论证吴阳古沉船为明代古船的可能性,甚至为17世纪荷兰古沉船.古沉船的历史信息不仅丰富了雷州半岛与域外交往的历史,而且为今后进一步开展雷州半岛航海史考古特别是古沉船考古奠定了文献基础     

基于不同主体的城镇人居环境要素需求特征——以广州市新塘镇为例

从城镇人居环境特点及不同主体的需求出发,构建了一套包括5个综合指标项和32个要素的城镇人居环境指标体系。以广州市新塘镇为例,通过问卷调查和非参数检验分析,揭示了不同主体人居环境要素需求特征;运用相关分析、聚类分析探讨了城镇人居环境要素需求差异性影响因素及不同群体要素需求的空间差异。结果表明:受访者对闲暇活动等10个要素的需求表现出差异性,对生活能源等22个要素的需求表现出共性;居住时间和经济状况对不同主体人居环境要素需求的差异性影响最大。同时结合4个类群主体的差异性环境要素需求和空间分布特征,提出了新塘镇未来人居环境优化应该重点建设的内容。     

城市空间的生产——以近代上海江湾五角场地区的城市化为例

城市地区景观的演变反映了人类活动对自然生态格局演替的人为干扰过程。由于人类活动的强度、频度及方式的差异,从半自然的农业生态景观演化为以人工建筑为主的城市生态景观的过程,可能呈现多样化的面貌。利用GIS技术将20世纪上半叶上海江湾五角场地区的土地利用状况逐年复原,发现其景观演变过程表现为由以农业生态景观为主转变为城乡景观杂错分布,并且这一进程因为各种政治事件的影响而呈现出明显的阶段性及空间差异性。揆诸史实,可知上海江湾五角场地区的城市化与城市空间的生产不仅是上海都市政治的产物,更是近代中国城市化的典型。