深层—超深层白云岩储集层: 机遇与挑战*

深层—超深层白云岩储集层是未来油气勘探的重要领域和目标,是潜在的优质油气储集体或储集层。查明白云岩的成因、孔隙发育与保存机理以及流体性质与演化路径,建立符合实际地质状况的储集层地质模型,对于预测深层—超深层白云岩储集层的分布规律是非常重要的。疏理了白云岩成因的几个核心问题的现状与发展趋势,指出了白云石化作用模式的演变过程和发展方向,提出了建立深层—超深层白云岩多阶段动态演化模式应考虑的问题。中国三大克拉通盆地(四川盆地、塔里木盆地和鄂尔多斯盆地)深层—超深层赋存丰富的白云岩,并且已经有一些重要的油气发现,为开展深层—超深层白云岩油气勘探提供了好的机遇,但深埋藏、多期构造改造、叠加和复杂的流体演化历史也是此项研究重要的挑战。     

青藏高原羌塘盆地侏罗系白云岩的特征及其成因

羌塘盆地侏罗系白云岩是该盆地重要的油气储集层.侏罗系碳酸盐岩在沉积期后经历了白云岩化作用、溶蚀作用和破裂作用等多种成岩作用.羌塘盆地白云岩的成因与毛细管浓缩作用和混合水白云化作用有关.     

陆相含油气盆地中白云岩产出的层序类型及其层序地层学分析——以东营凹陷西部沙河街组三段上部白云岩为例

本文以东营凹陷西部沙河街组三段上部白云岩为例，对白云岩产出的层序类型进行了分析，结果表明区内白云岩在不同钻井中产出的层序特征不同，分别与砂砾岩、粉砂岩、泥岩等互层．在上述基础上，运用层序地层学理论对白云岩层进行了层序地层学分析，其为高水位体系域晚期发展阶段的产物，是进积准层序的组成单元。     

Glacial-isostatic Adjustment and the Viscosity Structure Underlying the Vatnajökull Ice Cap,Iceland

We examine the dependence of glacial-isostatic adjustment (GIA) due to changes in the Vatnajökull Ice Cap, Iceland, on the underlying viscosity structure. Iceland offers a unique case study for GIA research, with a thinner elastic lithosphere underlain by a low-viscosity zone or asthenosphere, as opposed to regions such as Fennoscandia or North America described by a thicker lithosphere, while not necessarily featuring an asthenosphere.A laterally homogeneous spherical earth model is used consisting of an elastic lithosphere, a viscoelastic asthenosphere, a viscoelastic upper and lower mantle and a fluid core. We examine the response of the earth model to three ice models with circular plans and cross-section profiles based on the assumption of perfectly plastic material, but with different load histories. These are: (1) A history where the ice cap grows from a AD 900 minimum to a maximum at 1890, followed by a uniform decrease until 1991, continuing to the present day at an average rate based on recent mass-balance measurements, (2) a history that is the same as the first, except for constant ice volumes prior to 1890, and (3) a history that is again the same as the first model, except that the post-1991 changes correspond to the measured mass-balance values. We first compare the response to each ice model using typical earth-model parameters for Iceland presented in the literature. We then undertake a parameter-space search, where we assess the importance of lithosphere thickness, asthenosphere viscosity and basal asthenosphere depth, to predicted vertical-displacement rates, and compare them to rates determined from GPS measurements obtained from campaigns conducted between 1991 and 1999.The earth-viscosity structure that provides the optimum predictions with respect to the GPS-derived vertical-displacement rates consists of an elastic lithosphere with a thickness of between 20 and 30 km, an asthenosphere viscosity between 1 and 2 × 10¹⁸ Pa s, and a basal asthenosphere depth between 250 km and possibly greater than 400 km. We find that the very low asthenosphere viscosity values of ca. 10¹⁷ Pa s sometimes suggested in the literature are not necessary to account for the rapid vertical-displacement rates observed, which are the result of the contemporary decrease in the mass of the ice cap not considered previously.     

C-, Sr-isotope and Hg chemostratigraphy of Neoproterozoic cap carbonates of the Sergipano Belt,Northeastern Brazil

Two cap carbonates overlying glaciogenic diamictites crop out extensively in the eastern Vaza Barris Domain of the Sergipano Belt, northeastern Brazil. They are represented by carbonates of the Jacoca Formation, resting on top of diamictite of the Ribeiropolis Formation, and by the Olhos D’Agua Formation (carbonates, organic-rich towards the top), which overlies diamictite of the Palestina Formation. These two sequences were deformed and metamorphosed at sub-greenschist facies-conditions during the Brasiliano cycle (650–600 Ma).     

南极洲乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽的温度分布

钻孔内温度实测表明，柯林斯冰帽积累区大部分呈温性，消融区可能呈冷性。冰帽活动层温度明显受气温季节变化的影响，降水暖渗浸对冰的增温作用显著，雪盖对温度分布也显示了一定的影响。测量显示，冰帽纵深层的温度大都接近融点，而小冰穹顶附近十数米范围内温度变化较大。小冰穹顶附近，钻进时３０ｍ以下孔中出水现象显著，可能是冰内径流、差异运动和较高盐度等因素共同作用的结果。     

南极洲乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽冰芯层位和密度变化的一般特征

柯林斯冰帽两支冰芯层位记录证实了该冰帽主冰穹顶部（海拔约７００ｍ）属暖渗浸带，小冰穹顶部（海拔约２５０ｍ）属渗浸带。雪、冰的层位分布和密度变化包含了一定的测年信息。主冰穹顶冰芯密度－深度曲线在表层呈现韵律性变化，与层位记录中的融化冻结现象相对应，据此粗略划分年层，断定当地年积累雪层厚度为３－３．５ｍ，折合水当量１６５０－１９２５ｋｇ／ｍ２ａ，年平均积累速率约为２．０ｍ／ａ（冰当量）。主冰穹顶成冰深度为３８－３９ｍ，此深度以上密度自上而下缓慢增加，但以下由于含水层的出现，密度迅速升高，在５－６ｍ区间达到９００ｋｇ／ｍ３。小冰穹冰芯除表层外，密度基本在８００－９００ｋｇ／ｍ３之间，冰芯中雪冰互层，存在污化面，４０ｍ以下发现很厚的火山灰沉积物。小冰穹平均年积累率约为０．７ｍ／ａ（冰当量），成冰深度７－８ｍ，成冰年限为１０年左右     

Évolution pression–température des amphibolites de la zone axiale au cours du métamorphisme hercynien des Pyrénées orientales

Thin levels of amphibolites from the Canigou, Albères and Cap de Creus massifs have been studied in order to investigate their pressure and temperature evolution during time. P and T values have been calculated using the amphibole–plagioclase–quartz thermo-barometer. Si, Al, Mg and Fe of zoned amphiboles have been analysed from core to rim by microprobe. By combining the results obtained from several (or different) crystals, P–T–t paths have been determined using the amphibole-plagioclase-quartz equilibriums. In the Canigou Massif, the amphibolites have recorded anti-clockwise P–T–t paths around a peak of metamorphism located at about 650?°C–6.1 kbar, whereas in the Albères Massif, the calculated P–T–t paths of amphibolites near the paragneisses are retrograde only, from 600?°C–5 kbar to 450?°C–2.5 kbar, but one cummingtonite-bearing amphibolite has also recorded an anti-clockwise evolution around 650?°C–4.5 kbar. The retrograde P–T–t paths recorded for amphibolites from the ‘Cap de Creus’ Massif are retrograde only, from 650?°C–6 kbar and 400?°C–1 kbar. To cite this article: C. Triboulet et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

白云石化作用及白云岩问题研究述评

近年来,关于白云石化作用及白云岩问题,取得了更深层次的发展。从白云石化作用入手,介绍根据古代白云岩的成因所建立的五个主要成因模式:蒸发作用模式、渗流-回流模式、混合白云石化模式、埋藏白云石化模式及海水白云石化模式,并介绍了国内外最新研究进展和成果。认为利用染色薄片鉴定、阴极发光显微镜观察、微量元素分析、碳氧稳定同位素测定及包裹体测温等综合手段进一步研究,最终将解决这些问题。     

华南南华纪南沱冰期海洋环境的沉积地球化学记录——来自黔东部南华系南沱组白云岩碳氧同位素和微量元素的证据

新元古代"雪球地球"事件代表地球经历的极端气候条件,对其后的大气和海洋氧化、生物地球化学循环和真核生物的演化都产生了深远的影响。然而同冰期化学沉积岩的缺乏,严重制约了对冰期海洋环境的了解。笔者等在贵州松桃地区一钻孔岩芯南华系南沱组中采集到一套同冰期白云岩,为南沱冰期海洋环境研究提供了理想材料。岩芯中白云岩层位于南沱组下部,夹持于两套杂砾岩、粉砂质泥岩组合中间,厚度1.61 m。偏光显微镜和扫描电镜观察表明岩性为微晶白云岩。采用Delta V Advantage稳定同位素质谱仪分析白云岩的碳、氧同位素,测定结果为:δ~(18)O_(V-PDB)在-16.97‰～-8.37‰之间,δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)在-9.68‰～-8.42‰之间,与冰期前后碳同位素组成对比,δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)具显著低负值特征。电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)微量元素分析结果表明:白云岩样品中铁、锰含量很高,铁含量的平均值约为92867×10~(-6),锰含量的平均值约为10644×10~(-6);Mn/Sr值较大,平均值约为26.89。综合碳、氧同位素的相关性及微量元素特征分析表明,南沱组同冰期白云岩碳同位素组成代表了原始的沉积记录。研究结果表明:①南沱组白云岩的出现反映了南沱冰期海洋中存在着开放的水体,这些开放水体为此时真核生物提供了重要的栖息场所。②南沱冰期海洋处于富铁缺氧的环境,白云岩中碳同位素低负值主要是甲烷厌氧氧化的结果。③同位素质量平衡计算表明,冰期海洋中较高比例的有机质埋藏和极其有限的大气-海洋气体交换导致了大气中氧浓度的升高。