乾宁古冰帽的发现及意义

乾宁古冰帽于1982年被作者发现,发育于大雪山顶部的夷平面上,海拔高度为4300～4400 m,地理坐标为101°14′～101°30′E,30°20′～30°38′N,是青藏高原位置最东、海拔最低的一个更新世古冰帽,生成环境独特。它还具有中心区缺少冰蚀过程遗迹的独特性质,其机理在于冰帽中心区冰层太薄、动能低、冰体侵蚀力弱,而边缘带冰层增厚。侵蚀力也增强。它的发现对进一步探讨青藏高原第四纪冰川问题具有重要意义。     

滇东-川西下二叠统白云岩的形成机理--玄武岩淋滤白云化

在滇东－ 川西地区的下二叠统中,白云岩发育,并可分两种类型:块状白云岩和斑状白云岩。块状白云岩呈浅灰色、灰色,主要由细晶或中晶白云岩石组成。白云岩的δ13C为+0.8‰～+3.5‰, 平均+2.7‰; δ18O为 -6.8‰～-9.1‰, 平均 -7.8‰。 Sr 为 25×10-6～52×10-6, 平均 39×10-6; Na 为 52×10-6～74×10-6, 平均 64×10-6。斑状白云岩呈灰色,由白云岩斑块和交代残余的石灰岩斑块组成,其中白云岩斑块含量大于50 %。白云岩斑块呈云朵状,大小多为几厘米至二十几厘米。白云岩斑块由细晶和中晶白云石组成。白云石呈自形或半自形,含量60% ～ 90%。白云石的δ13C为+0.8‰～+3.5‰, 平均+2.7‰; δ18O为 -6.8‰～-9.1‰, 平均 -7.8‰。 Sr 为 25×10-6～52×10-6, 平均 39×10-6; Na 为 52×10-6～74×10-6, 平均 64×10-6。各种资料表明,块状白云岩和斑状白云岩成因相同,只是白云化程度不同。白云岩是在埋藏环境中较高温度条件下形成的。白云化水来自淋滤峨嵋山玄武岩的大气     

塔里木盆地深层、超深层白云岩优质储集层测井预测*

塔里木盆地寒武系白云岩是深层、超深层油气勘探的重要接替层系,但该套白云岩具有时代古老、埋藏深、成岩和构造演化复杂的特征,亟需在揭示储集层成因基础上建立不同成因白云岩储集层配套测井评价方法。由此通过岩心、薄片观察,结合常规和成像测井首先从储集层孔隙成因角度出发,识别出“岩溶改造型”和“沉积相控型”两大类白云岩。岩溶改造型白云岩储集层质量受岩溶相带控制,纵向可划分出表层岩溶带、垂直渗流带、水平潜流带和深部缓流带4个岩溶相带。沉积相控型白云岩储集层物性则受沉积相带控制,颗粒滩等高能沉积相决定了储集层质量。通过岩心刻度常规和成像测井分别建立岩溶相带以及沉积微相的测井识别模式与准则,实现了单井岩溶相带和沉积微相的测井识别与划分。最后在岩溶相带和沉积微相约束下实现单井白云岩储集层综合评价以及有利发育区带预测。岩溶改造型白云岩储集层,其垂直渗流带与水平潜流带分别以高角度裂缝和水平溶蚀孔洞为主要特征,可形成有利储集体发育的缝洞系统。沉积相控型白云岩,其中的颗粒滩和云坪高能相带原始孔隙发育,且也有利于进一步溶蚀,因此物性较好。研究成果可为深层、超深层白云岩有利储集层分布预测提供理论指导和技术支撑。     

Why does emissions trading under the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) not affect firms’ competitiveness? Empirical findings from the literature

Environmental policies may have important consequences for firms’ competitiveness or profitability. For the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) the empirical literature documents that significant emissions reductions have resulted from it. Surprisingly, however, the literature shows that there have been hardly any concurrent negative effects on firms’ competitiveness during the first two phases of the scheme (2005–2012). We show that the main explanations for the absence of negative impacts on competitiveness are a large over-allocation of emissions allowances leading to a price drop and the ability of firms to pass costs onto consumers in some sectors. Cost pass-through combined with free allocation, in turn, partly generated windfall profits. In addition, the relatively low importance of energy costs indicated by their average share in the budgets of most manufacturing industries may have limited the impact of the EU ETS. Finally, small but significant stimulating effects on innovation have been found so far. Several factors suggest that over-allocation is likely to remain substantial in the upcoming periods of the scheme. Therefore, we expect to see no negative competitiveness effects from the EU ETS in Phases III and IV (2013–2030).

Key policy insights

• Empirical literature on the EU ETS shows that there have been hardly any effects on firms’ competitiveness or profitability.

• One main explanation is a large over-allocation of emissions allowances leading to a price drop. This reduced incentives for innovation.

• Moreover, firms were able to pass costs on to consumers in some sectors which partly generated windfall profits.

• Innovation effects have so far been small but positive.

• We expect to see no negative competitiveness effects on regulated firms in the near future suggesting that no further reliefs for regulated firms are required.

     

碳酸盐岩中燧石条带成因争鸣——以北京西山中元古界雾迷山组为例

北京地区中元古界雾迷山组主要由燧石条带白云岩、燧石结核白云岩、叠层石白云岩和少量含陆源粉砂质碎屑的白云岩组成,广泛出露于北京山区,厚度2000~3500 m。以雾迷山组为代表的大量中元古代硅质沉积物的物源和形成原因,一般教科书均认为层状燧石为生物成因,结核状燧石为成岩交代成因。笔者等在北京西山等地多次野外考察发现,剖面上的硅质条带或硅质结核（下一般称燧石席或硅胶席）。 燧石席内部常包裹或胶结有下伏白云岩的砾石并且因混有有机质等,表现为各种暗色或杂色。硅胶席在上覆白云质沉积物堆积之前与其周围的白云质灰泥和粒屑几乎同时形成,燧石透镜体与白云质沉积物之间存在着相互穿插、包裹的关系,但彼此之间边界清晰,无论是白云石粒屑还是硅胶席都没有任何被交代痕迹。因此,笔者等认为：燧石“结核”是硅胶聚集成席,再经压实、固化的结果,其浑圆状边缘是水下硅胶与沉积介质的相变面。硅胶固化作用是雾迷山组中原生燧石的唯一成因。在成岩重力压实过程中,连续分布的原生硅质沉积物会形成布丁或“结核”构造。白云质灰泥和粒屑的胶结速度与硅胶的固化速度之间存在着明显的差异,遇地震等外力作用,软的硅胶席会沿着弱固结的白云岩裂隙向上侵入或向下挤入,形成硅质脉。遇有后期的岩浆侵入或热变质作用的改造,硅质条带和硅质结核的成分和颜色会发生相应的变化,质地变纯,颜色由深变浅,但是仍然保留原生的层理或纹理,容易被误认为是成岩期或成岩后硅质交代碳酸盐矿物而成。     

碳酸盐岩中燧石条带成因争鸣——以北京西山中元古界雾迷山组为例

北京地区中元古界雾迷山组主要由燧石条带白云岩、燧石结核白云岩、叠层石白云岩和少量含陆源粉砂质碎屑的白云岩组成,广泛出露于北京山区,厚度2000~3500 m。以雾迷山组为代表的大量中元古代硅质沉积物的物源和形成原因,一般教科书均认为层状燧石为生物成因,结核状燧石为成岩交代成因。笔者等在北京西山等地多次野外考察发现,二维剖面上的硅质条带或硅质结核在三维实体上实际上是透镜状或席状（下一般称燧石席或硅胶席）。 燧石席内部常包裹或胶结有下伏白云岩的砾石并且因混有有机质等,表现为各种暗色或杂色。硅胶席在上覆白云质沉积物堆积之前与其周围的白云质灰泥和粒屑几乎同时形成,燧石透镜体与白云质沉积物之间存在着相互穿插、包裹的关系,但彼此之间边界清晰,无论是白云石粒屑还是燧石席都没有任何被交代痕迹。因此,笔者等认为：燧石“结核”是硅胶聚集成席,再经压实、固化的结果,其浑圆状边缘是水下硅胶与沉积介质的相变面。硅胶固化作用是北京西山中元古界雾迷山组中原生燧石的唯一成因。在成岩重力压实过程中,连续分布的原生硅质沉积物会形成布丁或“结核”构造。白云质灰泥和粒屑的胶结速度明显快于硅胶的固化速度,遇地震等外力作用,软的硅胶席会沿着弱固结的白云岩裂隙向上侵入或向下挤入,形成硅质脉。遇有后期的岩浆侵入或热变质作用的改造,硅质条带和硅质结核的成分和颜色会发生相应的变化,质地变纯,颜色由深变浅,但是仍然保留原生的层理或纹理,容易被误认为是成岩期或成岩后硅质交代碳酸盐矿物而成。     

新太古界Campbellrand亚群白云岩岩溶系统对南非Postmasburg锰矿田的影响

为分析新太古界Campbellrand亚群白云岩基底形成的岩溶系统对南非Postmasburg锰矿田发育和分布的影响,利用XRF和偏光显微镜鉴定技术,结合野外地质调查和岩芯钻探,对矿石的矿物成分、矿体中的Mn、Fe空间分布、Doornfontein砾岩的结构特征、白云岩容矿构造的形态进行了研究。结果表明：Maremane穹隆上的Campbellrand亚群白云岩遭受了两次大规模的溶蚀。溶蚀构造引起沉积物分异,沉积建造底部Mn质最为富集,向外、向上逐渐由Fe质主导,形成褐锰矿—方铁锰矿—赤铁矿的序列,顶部则演变为铝土质岩。沉积序列中Mn+Fe质和Al质含量呈现出较强的负相关性。溶坑的特殊形态导致矿体受层控,但并不呈现规则的层状形态。东矿带的Wolhaarkop硅质角砾岩与白云岩中的燧石和硅质白云岩密切相关,而混合带和西矿带普遍发育的Doornfontein砾岩则是岩溶作用影响下锰质的成岩作用被推迟所形成,它们都是成矿期岩溶系统发育的间接产物。溶坑底部的锰土混合物揭示了成矿后期溶蚀作用的发生和沉积序列的坍塌破碎,小型的断层也造成了矿体的严重破碎和顶板地层的褶曲。Gamagara低山脊两侧分布的小型堆积型矿体也与后期地表岩溶系统长期的发育有关。     

Genesis of island dolostones

Cenozoic ‘island dolostones’ are found on islands throughout the oceans of the world. Due to their geological youth and lack of deep burial, these dolostones provide an opportunity to resolve some of the mysteries surrounding the dolomite problem. In island dolostone bodies, which are of variable size and variable dolomitization, the petrographic and geochemical properties of the dolostones are characterized by geographic and stratigraphic variations. In the larger island‐wide dolostone bodies, like those found on Grand Cayman, there are progressive increases in mole %Ca (%Ca_mean: 53·9 to 57·6%), depletion of the heavier ¹⁸O and ¹³C isotopes (δ¹⁸O_mean: 3·6 to 2·1‰ _VPDB; δ¹³C_mean: 3·1 to 1·4‰ _VPDB), and changes from fabric‐retentive to fabric‐destructive fabrics and a decrease in the amount of dolomite cement from the coastal areas towards the centres of the islands, similar to the Little Bahama Bank. These changes define geographically concentric zones that parallel the coastlines and reflect geochemical modification of the dolomitizing fluid through water–rock interactions, mixing with meteoric water and the changes in the rate and flux of seawater as it flowed from coasts to island interiors. The pattern of dolomitization, however, is not consistent from island to island because geographic and stratigraphic variations, specific to each island, influenced groundwater flow pattern (for example, geometry and size of the islands; the porosity and permeability of the precursor limestone), the duration of the dolomitization reaction, and other factors. The geographic extent of dolomitization and variation in dolomite stoichiometry of island dolostones may be comparable to the reaction stages established in high‐temperature laboratory experiments.     

青西凹陷下白垩统下沟组泥云岩致密油储层特征

青西凹陷下白垩统下沟组是该区致密油的主要储集层,本次研究通过普通薄片和铸体薄片观察以及高压压汞等分析测试手段,从岩石学特征、储集空间类型以及孔隙结构特征等方面剖析下沟组致密泥云岩储层特征。结果表明:1)下沟组储层岩石类型以深灰色一灰色纹层状泥质白云岩和白云质泥岩为主,泥级斜长石含量较高,增大了储层岩石脆性,易于产生裂缝;2)泥云岩储层储集空间多样,既有原生孔隙,也有因构造和溶蚀作用形成的构造微裂缝和溶蚀缝洞;3)泥云岩储层的孔隙度和渗透率较低,属于低孔低渗储层,不同岩性之间储层物性差别较大;4)高压压汞测试结果显示:排驱压力和中值压力较高,孔喉半径较小,整体表现出孔隙结构差、非均质性强的特点;5)根据孔隙结构均质系数E_p将研究区储层分为3类:Ⅰ类储层E_p1.29,储层孔喉分选好,孔隙结构非均质性弱;Ⅱ类储层,1.29E_P1.79,孔喉分选较好;Ⅲ类储层E_p1.79,储层孔喉分选差。     

酒泉盆地下白垩统藻纹层分布特征及其与油气的关系

酒泉盆地下白垩统纹层状泥质白云岩和白云质泥岩中有机纹层（藻纹层）结构发育,但非均质性很强,主要表现在相同层位不同地区及同一钻井不同深度藻纹层的含量悬殊。藻纹层的分布与发育都受到沉积相及相变的控制。藻纹层主要是由浮游藻类及其降解产物组成,藻类以绿藻门绿枝藻科的圆球藻为主要属种。藻纹层含量与源岩的生烃潜力呈正相关关系。酒西坳陷已发现的大部分原油主要源于下白垩统下沟组藻纹层泥质白云岩,表明藻纹层是酒泉盆地很重要的一种生烃物质,与酒泉盆地的油气具有密切的成生联系。富含有机质纹层的湖相碳酸盐岩不仅是优质的烃源岩,而且由于其生烃物质的层状富集,在生、排烃过程中,更有利于间隙微裂缝的形成和排烃。