2011-2013年乌鲁木齐城-郊冬季积雪深度与密度空间分布特征

利用2011-2013年冬季4次地面实测乌鲁木齐城-郊积雪深度与密度数据,应用普通克里格空间插值方法,分析了乌鲁木齐城-郊冬季积雪深度与密度从2011年12月下旬-2012年2月下旬及2012年1月中旬和2013年同期的时空分布特征.结果表明:乌鲁木齐城-郊冬季积雪深度与密度存在显著地区域分布差异及变化特征.整个冬季位于城东北部的米东石化工业园区积雪均较深,尤其12月和2月,在主城区内部又存在不同下垫面下积雪较多的区域.从12月下旬-次年2月下旬,积雪逐渐累积,且积雪深度比密度具有更大的空间变化幅度.除12月下旬大部分主城区雪密度比郊区大之外,1月中旬、2月下旬主城区雪密度均比城东和城东北方向低.2013年1月中旬积雪与2012年同期相比,平均积雪量明显偏厚,约31 cm,但雪密度变化范围不大且深度与密度的空间分布均发生明显改变.本文结果对于了解乌鲁木齐城区积雪的区域差异,为主城区道路积雪清运、保障道路通畅优化方案及春季融雪洪水防御预案的制定提供基础数据支撑,也可以弥补当前气象站点少且空间分布不匀的不足.此外,本文对卫星遥感数据反演的积雪参数精度验证也具有实际参考价值.     

南秦岭构造带内早古生代碱基性岩浆活动：古特提斯洋裂解的证据

位于南秦岭构造带南缘的勉略(勉县—略阳)洋是东古特提斯洋的北侧分支洋盆,在勉县—略阳地区发育有典型的蛇绿岩组合。然而,由于中三叠世晚期开始的碰撞造山作用以及之后陆内变形作用的改造,对于勉略洋盆在构造带东段的裂解和演化过程并不清晰。本文对发育于东南秦岭构造带内的基性岩墙群进行了岩石学、岩石地球化学、同位素年代学等方面的研究。结果表明,基性岩脉以辉长岩、辉绿岩等基性岩为主,其SiO 2含量为41.89%~49.75%,属基性—超基性岩类,并具有富钠、高钛的碱性岩特征。岩石的稀土、微量元素和Sr—Nd同位素特征与板内洋岛玄武岩(OIB)特征一致,岩浆源于具有地壳混染的板内洋岛玄武岩型地幔源区。该类基性岩脉顺层侵入到早古生代早期地层中,通过基性岩脉中的锆石SHRIMP测年获得岩脉顺层侵位的时代为晚志留世早期(约422 Ma)。这种岩浆作用很可能与古特提斯洋初始裂解有关,并导致南秦岭构造带内地壳伸展、基性岩浆侵位,该过程与南秦岭构造带北缘的商丹(商南—丹凤)原特提斯洋的消减和陆内俯冲可能相关。     

青海省河南县三叠系伊利石结晶度与极低级变质作用

在开展“青海省河南县托叶玛地区I47E007023、I47E008023、I47E009023、1I47E009024四幅1:5万区域地质矿产调查”时,为验证该地区三叠系变质情况,针对三叠系中泥岩(页岩)的伊利石结晶度做了分析测试。30件样品的实验结果表明: 北部宗务隆—泽库地层分区三叠系泥岩(页岩)伊利石Kübler结晶度指数为0.312~0.537,晶胞参数b₀为0.898 0~0.903 2 nm,判断其变质温度小于350 ℃,具葡萄石-绿纤石和沸石相; 南部西倾山地层分区三叠系泥岩(页岩)的伊利石Kübler结晶度指数为0.21~0.318,b₀为0.898 1~0.901 4 nm,变质温度主要分布在200~350 ℃,局部>350 ℃,具葡萄石-绿纤石和绿片岩相。研究认为青海省河南县地区区域变质程度较低,为极低级变质作用或者未发生区域变质作用,且南部西倾山地层分区的变质程度略高于北部宗务隆—泽库地层分区变质程度。这一变质相带研究结论与前人认为的“区域低温动力变质作用及低绿片岩相变质带”不一致,变质程度相对更低。该研究证实了在青海省河南县地区三叠系地层中不存在大面积区域变质作用,仅存在极低级区域变质作用。     

Comparing historical and contemporary maps - a methodological framework for a cartographic map comparison applied to Swiss maps

Topographic maps are powerful tools for the purpose of identifying land use and cover change (LUCC) as they are among the most reliable representations of past landscapes for the time prior to the existence of aerial photography. In light of the increased availability of historical maps, we argue that there is a need for a standardized process to assess map comparability in a systematic way in order to avoid, or at least minimize, the detection of spurious landscape changes due to incompatible map series. A full understanding of map quality, background and error distributions is fundamental to attain reliable LUCC results. The conceptual framework presented in this study considers the context, distortion and cartographic generalization of topographic maps. Furthermore, it includes an approach to homogenize the level of generalization of landscape elements (e.g. forests) from maps with different scales. To demonstrate its application, we assessed the comparability of seven topographic maps from Canton Zurich covering a time span of 336 years (1664–2000). Overall, for the maps of Canton Zurich, a wall-to-wall comparison of forest cover based on the topographic maps presented here can be problematic for the oldest map from 1664. Based on the results, a wall-to-wall comparison with the later maps is not recommended, due to its substantial distortion. Yet, after re-generalization of natural landscape elements, such as forests, a comparison based on landscape indices is possible, even for the oldest map. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that maps from the mid-19^th century onward possess an acceptable level of accuracy. This framework can be applied to a wide range of maps at regional, national, or global levels, providing the opportunity to look at land cover history over multiple centuries.     

广交会对星级酒店房价影响的时空分异研究——以第117和118届广交会为例

基于艺龙网酒店房价数据和问卷调查数据,运用数理统计方法以及反距离权重插值法,研究第117和118届广交会举办前后广州市主城区699家星级酒店客房价格变动的时空分异特征。研究表明：① 广交会举办一、二、三期形成3个谷峰,休会期形成谷底,总体呈现“三升三降”态势,展会期间酒店星级越高,房价的涨幅越大。② 广交会举办期间不同星级酒店房价热点区不同;酒店房价空间分布呈圈层式结构,以琶洲馆为中心呈现明显的距离衰减规律。③ 酒店房价影响因素主要包括与会者需求、酒店类型、城市交通与展馆距离、商圈及生态环境、区域发展战略与方针政策等。④ 酒店房价可以作为测度大型展会对城市影响的重要指标。     

Geoelectrical survey over perched aquifers in the northern part of Upper Sakarya River Basin,Türkiye

In this study, a groundwater exploration survey was conducted using the DC Resistivity (DCR) method in a hydrogeological setting containing a perched aquifer. DCR data were gathered and an electrical tomography section was recovered using conventional four-electrode instruments with a Schlumberger array and a two-dimensional (2D) inversion scheme. The proposed scheme was tested over a synthetic three-dimensional (3D) subsurface model before deploying it in a field situation. The proposed method indicated that gathering data with simple four-electrode instruments at stations along a line and 2D inversion of datasets at multiple stations can recover depth intervals of the studied aquifer in the hydrogeological setting even if it has a 3D structure. In this study, 2D inversion of parallel profiles formed a pseudo-3D volume of the subsurface resistivity structures and mapped out multiple resistive (>25 ohm·m) bodies at shallow (between 50–100 m) and deep sections (>150 m). In general, the proposed method is convenient to encounter geological units that have limited vertical and spatial extensions in any direction and presents resistivity contrast from groundwater-bearing geologic materials.     

基于Plücker直线的机载LiDAR点云与航空影像的配准

机载LiDAR点云与航空影像的配准是地物提取的关键。本文提出了基于Plücker直线的机载LiDAR点云与航空影像的配准模型。基于三维线空间线变换Plücker直线方程,确定点云和影像中的同名直线间的相对位姿关系,建立Plücker直线共面条件方程,通过影像上的Plücker直线在三维线空间中的螺旋运动,实现像点到其对应LiDAR点的坐标变换。结果表明,Plücker直线共面条件配准模型简洁,将旋转和平移统一处理,避免了两者间的耦合误差,提高了配准精度,为获取高质量的地球三维空间信息提供了技术支持。     

Explorative data analysis of heavy metal contaminated soil using multidimensional spatial regression

To obtain data on heavy metal contaminated soil requires laborious and time-consuming data sampling and analysis. Not only has the contamination to be measured, but also additional data characterizing the soil and the boundary conditions of the site, such as pH, land use, and soil fertility. For an integrative approach, combining the analysis of spatial distribution, and of factors influencing the contamination, and its treatment, the Mollifier interpolation was used, which is a non-parametric kernel density regression. The Mollifier was capable of including additional independent variables (beyond the spatial dimensions x and y) in the spatial interpolation and hence explored the combined influence of spatial and other variables, such as land use, on the heavy metal distribution. The Mollifier could also represent the interdependence between different heavy metal concentrations and additional site characteristics. Although the uncertainty measure supplied by the Mollifier at first seems somewhat unusual, it is a valuable feature and supplements the geostatistical uncertainty assessment.     

天山乌鲁木齐河流域冰川地貌与冰期研究的回顾与展望

乌鲁木齐河源于天山北列喀拉乌成山的北坡,区内保存着形态多样、较为清晰的第四纪冰川侵蚀与沉积地形.经过老中青数代人的考察研究,取得如下研究成果:1)查清了河源区冰川地形的分布与特征,运用冰川沉积学与地貌地层学原理对乌鲁木齐河出山口处的扇形地进行了冰川与非冰川成因的鉴别;2)基于地衣法、常规14 C与AMS14 C、TL、ESR、CRN(10Be)等多种定年方法的测年结果,并结合地貌地层学原理,建立了乌鲁木齐河流域小冰期、新冰期、末次冰期(MIS 2～4)、MIS 6与MIS12较完整的冰川演化序列,为我国第四纪冰川研究树立了一个典型范例.展望未来,乌鲁木齐河源区的冰川地貌演化模拟与古环境重建等需作进一步研究,喀拉乌成山南坡的冰川地形有待进行综合定年;若以乌鲁木齐河源流域冰期序列为参照,冰川发育与天山的构造抬升以及东、中与西段天山冰川发育是否具有一致性,天山地区是否保存有更老冰碛等科学问题尚待深入探讨.     

伊利石结晶度Kübler指数的校正与近变质带的确定

就像用"砝码"标定"称"来测量物质质量一样,伊利石结晶度的测量也需要这样的"砝码"标定它的测量工具——衍射仪,从而能够进行伊利石结晶度的测量和对比。这个砝码就是伊利石结晶度标样或称伊利石结晶度国际标样。第2届Kübler-Frey国际研讨会伊利石结晶度圆桌会议就伊利石结晶度标样和近变质带的确定的问题进行了深入的讨论。会议一致认为,用伊利石结晶度标样校正X射线衍射仪是极为重要和必要的,没有进行标样校正的伊利石结晶度数据将被拒绝发表,经过伊利石结晶度国际标样校正后的伊利石结晶度数据才可用于近变质带的划分和国际对比。本文就伊利石结晶度测量的有关衍射仪类型与差别,衍射仪系统,测量条件,样品的影响和国际标样对仪器的校正等问题进行了分析研究。结果表明不同型号仪器,同型号仪器不同测量条件与状态,样品的不同制备方法都将影响伊利石结晶度Kübler指数的测量。指出只有使用国际标样才可校正测量的伊利石结晶度Kübler指数,从而达到消除偏差准确划分近变质带的标准和进行国际对比的目的。