天姆尖破火山口碎斑熔岩的发现及其意义

赣杭带东段天姆尖地区首次识别出大面积分布的碎斑熔岩体系,它具有典型的喷溢相－侵出相一次火山岩相“三相一体”特征,在岩石化学成份上表现为富硅,碱,铁而贫镁,锰,钙,岩石结晶分异指数为77－93,稀土元素铕亏损明显,放射性成因铀铅含量高,岩石蚀变表现为面式分布,具前锋带特点,这一发现对赣杭带寻找新的富大铀矿远景区有着重要的指标意义。     

Wolf Volcano, Galapagos Archipelago: Melting and Magmatic Evolution at the Margins of a Mantle Plume

Wolf volcano, an active shield volcano on northern Isabela Islandin the Galápagos Archipelago, has undergone two majorstages of caldera collapse, with a phase of partial calderarefilling between. Wolf is a typical Galápagos shieldvolcano, with circumferential vents on the steep upper carapaceand radial vents distributed in diffuse rift zones on the shallower-slopinglower flanks. The radial fissures continue into the submarineenvironment, where they form more tightly focused rift zones.Wolf's magmas are strikingly monotonous: estimated eruptivetemperatures of the majority of lavas span a total of only 22°C.This homogeneity is attributed to buffering of magmas as theyascend through a thick column of olivine gabbroic mush thathas been deposited from a thin, shallow (<2 km deep) subcalderasill that is in a thermochemical steady state. Wolf's lavashave the most depleted isotopic compositions of any historicallyactive intraplate ocean island volcano on the planet and haveisotopic compositions (except for ³He/⁴He) indistinguishablefrom mid-ocean ridge basalt erupted from the GalápagosSpreading Center (GSC) 250–410 km away from the peak ofinfluence of the Galápagos plume. Wolf's lavas are enrichedin incompatible trace elements and have systematic major elementdifferences relative to GSC lavas, however. Wolf's magmas resultfrom lower extents of melting, deeper melt extraction, and agreater influence of garnet compared with GSC magmas, but Wolfand the GSC share the same sources. These melt generation conditionsare attributed to melting in a thermal and mechanical boundarylayer of depleted asthenosphere at the margins of the Galápagosplume. The lower degrees of melting and extraction from deeperlevels result from a thicker lithospheric cap at Wolf than existsat the GSC. KEY WORDS: caldera; Galápagos; mush; partial melting; plume     

山东五莲七宝山火山—次火山杂岩的演化及形成条件

山东五莲七宝山地区发育二期火山—次火山杂岩,本文通过岩石学和地球化学的系统研究,论证了火山岩、次火山岩之间存在密切的成因联系,指出二期火山—次火山杂岩分属二个岩石系列,为二个岩浆房分异演化的产物,同时还对火山—次火山杂岩形成的物理化学条件进行了定量估算。     

Gross Brukkaros (Namibia)—an enigmatic crater-fill reinterpreted as due to Cretaceous caldera evolution

At Gross Brukkaros a central depression has developed within domed Nama Group sediments and has functioned as a local depocenter, with a primary fill deposited during the Cretaceous and a small secondary fill by alluvial fans during the Tertiary and Quaternary. The diameter of the entire structure is about 10 km and that of the central depression is about 3 km. Within this depocenter the sedimentary sequence consists mainly of debris-flow and mudflow deposits, with minor intercalations of fluviatile (braided channel) sediments and fossiliferous lacustrine deposits. The sedimentary system represents a set of coalesced subaerial fans which formed a fringing sedimentary apron along the margin of the depocenter. This sedimentary apron passed distally and centrally into a permanent lake, which was characterized by a fluctuating water level. Facies transitions observed are typical of those described from modern and ancient fan delta systems. Contact relationships show the Gross Brukkaros sediments to be about the same age (Upper Cretaceous) as the surrounding carbonatitic volcanism. An Upper Cretaceous age is also consistent with the plant fossil association recently recognized within the lacustrine beds of Gross Brukkaros. We attribute the genesis of the dome structure to the shallow intrusion of a laccolith-shaped, strongly alkaline to carbonatitic magma body. Subsequent depletion of the reservoir due to volcanic activity around and in(?) Gross Brukkaros led to subsidence resulting in the development of the Gross Brukkaros depocenter. Differences between Gross Brukkaros and the general caldera model consist of a radially oriented dike pattern and the formation of the caldera by downsagging rather than cauldron subsidence, as derived from the absence of ring faults and ring dikes. The first (radial dikes) may be attributed to comparatively strong initial doming; the latter (lack of ring faults) to the small size of the caldera, its incremental subsidence, and finally the sedimentary wall rocks instead of a rigid crystalline crust.     

Volcán Ecuador,Galapágos Islands: erosion as a possible mechanism for the generation of steep-sided basaltic volcanoes

Volcán Ecuador (0°02′S, 91°35′W) consists of two strongly contrasting components: the eroded and vegetated remnant of a once-circular main volcano with a probable caldera, and a prominent rift zone extending to the northeast that is neither strongly eroded nor weathered. There are about 20 young-looking flows and vents on this caldera floor but only one on the higher remnant of the main volcano. The southwest half of the main volcano is faulted into the ocean. The main part of Volcán Ecuador possesses steep erosional slopes (average 30–40°) that cut into a sequence of flows that dip radially outward at <10°. In contrast, the northeast rift zone consists entirely of young flows and vents. The upper 10 km of the rift zone forms a peninsula about 7.5 km wide that connects Volcán Ecuador to Volcán Wolf. The rift zone bends to the southeast and the lower 8 km is tangential to the coast of Volcán Wolf. The rift zone axis dips away from the northeast edge of the main volcano, and its flanks slope roughly northwest and southeast at <4°. The rift zone is the Galápagos structure that most closely resembles a Hawaiian rift zone because it is constructed of lavas from subparallel linear vents, shows evidence of a deep feeder conduit, and has changed its direction to avoid a direct intersection with neighboring Volcán Wolf. The steep erosional slopes extending around the perimeter of the main volcano (except to the southwest where slumping occurred) were probably generated by marine erosion during a prolonged period of eruptive inactivity (perhaps 20 000–30 000 years). Only a few post-erosional eruptions have taken place at the main volcano in and near what was once the caldera. The entire rift zone postdates the period of prolonged erosion. Using the evidence for prolonged inactivity at Volcán Ecuador, we propose that erosion may have helped to produce steep slopes on the other western Galápagos volcanoes. On these more active volcanoes, however, numerous subsequent eruptions have completely mantled the erosional slopes with lava. The mechanism by which the volcanoes may shut off for long periods of time is unknown, but the fact that the Galápagos hotspot is presently supplying nine active volcanoes suggests that the magma supply at an individual volcano could vary greatly over periods of (tens of?) thousands of years.     

江西东乡赛阳关破火山口的特征及演化

赛阳关破火山口火山活动具多期次性,以多相火山一次火山侵入相为特点。火山喷发物成份的规律变化,表明岩浆源呈层状垂直分带。破火山口的塌陷具不均一性,明显偏向东南一侧,其演化过程为:中心式熔岩溢流,揭开火山活动的序幕;沿环状裂隙强烈的火山灰流喷发,进入破火山口发育阶段;以及由此而产生的沉陷。     

Widespread transport of pyroclastic density currents from a large silicic tuff ring: the Glaramara tuff, Scafell caldera, English Lake District, UK

The Glaramara tuff presents extensive exposures of the medial and distal deposits of a large tuff ring (original area >800 km²) that grew within an alluvial to lacustrine caldera basin. Detailed analysis and correlation of 21 sections through the tuff show that the eruption involved phreatomagmatic to magmatic explosions resulting from the interaction of dacitic magma and shallow-aquifer water. As the eruption developed to peak intensity, numerous, powerful single-surge pyroclastic density currents reached beyond 8 km from the vent, probably >12 km. The currents were strongly depletive and deposited coarse lapilli (>5 cm in diameter) up to 5 km from source, with only fine ash and accretionary lapilli deposited beyond this. As the eruption intensity waned, currents deposited fine ash and accretionary lapilli across both distal and medial regions. The simple wax–wane cycle of the eruption produced an overall upward coarsening to fining sequence of the vertical lithofacies succession together with a corresponding progradational to retrogradational succession of lithofacies relative to the vent. Various downcurrent facies transitions record transformations of the depositional flow-boundary zones as the depletive currents evolved with distance, in some cases transforming from granular fluid-based to fully dilute currents primarily as a result of loss of granular fluid by deposition. The tuff-ring deposits share several characteristics with (larger) ignimbrite sheets formed during Plinian eruptions and this underscores some overall similarities between pyroclastic density currents that form tuff rings and those that deposit large-volume ignimbrites. Tuff-ring explosive activity with such a wide area of impact is not commonly recognized, but it records the possibility of such currents and this should be factored into hazard assessments.     

Bimodal volcanism at the Katla subglacial caldera,Iceland: insight into the geochemistry and petrogenesis of rhyolitic magmas

The Katla subglacial caldera is one of the most active and hazardous volcanic centres in Iceland as revealed by its historical volcanic activity and recent seismic unrest and magma accumulation. A petrologic and geochemical study was carried out on a suite of mid-Pleistocene to Recent lavas and pyroclastic rocks originated from the caldera. The whole series is characterised by a bimodal composition, including Fe-Ti transitional alkali basalts and mildly alkalic rhyolites. Variations in trace-element composition amongst the basalts and rhyolites show that their chemical differentiation was mainly controlled by fractional crystallisation and possible assimilation. The petrology and chemistry of the few intermediate extrusive rocks show that they were derived from magma mingling or hybridisation. The absence of extrusive rocks of true intermediate magmatic composition and the occurrence of amphibole-bearing felsic xenoliths support the hypothesis of partial melting of the hydrated basalt crust as the main process leading to the generation of rhyolites. The ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of Katla volcanic rocks fit the general isotopic array defined by late Quaternary to Recent lavas from Iceland. A few rock specimens are distinguished by low ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd values suggesting assimilation and mixing of much older crustal material. Despite their similar whole-rock chemical compositions, the postglacial rhyolitic extrusives differ from the felsic xenoliths by their glass composition and the absence of amphibole. This, together with the general chemical trend of volcanic glasses, indicates that the postglacial rhyolitic extrusives were probably derived by a process involving late reheating and partial melting of crustal material by intrusion of basaltic magmas.     

闽西南廖天山破火山活动过程与岩石成因：锆石U- Pb、Hf同位素及微量元素制约

火山是岩浆活动在地表的主要呈现形式,古老火山由于剥蚀作用出露多阶段火山喷发产物及岩浆通道、岩浆房等,从而为揭示岩浆房内部结构和成分演化提供重要窗口。锆石在长期结晶生长过程中,能够记录岩浆系统的结晶分异、晶体- 熔体分离和岩浆补给等过程。闽西南晚侏罗世廖天山破火山是保存最完整的中国东南部晚中生代早期代表性破火山之一,本文对其开展锆石U- Pb年代学、Lu- Hf同位素组成和微量元素成分分析,以期揭示其火山活动时序、岩浆来源和演化过程。廖天山火山活动具有阶段性和多期次性,一段火山活动开始于约161. 5±0. 7 Ma,喷发断续且规模较为有限;二段火山岩形成于159. 9±0. 9~156. 9±0. 8 Ma,该时段喷发产物规模巨大,构成破火山主体;最后岩浆在153. 2±0. 7 Ma沿火山通道侵出形成流纹斑岩岩穹,标志着火山活动的结束。锆石Lu- Hf同位素组成显示,廖天山破火山岩浆主要源于古元古代地壳基底的部分重熔,但有不同程度的亏损幔源物质贡献,且在三个火山活动阶段中幔源物质参与比例不同,二段火山岩中相对较低。不同批次岩浆可能从源区分别上升,在深部岩浆房发生岩浆混合,而后在浅部岩浆房短暂留存发生分离结晶作用。根据岩浆来源的变化和火山岩相组合,我们认为廖天山火山活动形成于相对挤压转向伸展的构造环境,受制于晚侏罗世古太平洋板块俯冲以及板片俯冲角度变化的地球动力学背景。     

破火山口研究述评

破火山研究是火山学研究的一个重要分支,也是国内外学者持续关注的热点,这是因为形成破火山口的岩浆演化时间长,多是大型多金属、贵金属、铀矿等矿床的聚集地,大型破火山口的形成在地球生物进化史中影响很大。 本文对破火山口的概念、容易混淆使用的分类和名词、世界知名破火山口及其形成理论研究、大型破火山口的研究认识与矿床形成的关系、中国破火山研究和今后努力的方向进行了一个总结。 实际上在科学研究的阶梯上搭了一个向上继续向上的阶。 期待学者在这方面又高水平的研究,为国家战略资源保障和为世界破火山口研究做出中国贡献。