华北陆块南部下寒武统海相泥质烃源岩的发现对天然气勘探的意义

在华北陆块南部发现的下寒武统海相泥质烃源岩，有机碳含量平均高达11．2％；于酪根碳同位素等多项分析表明，生源为低等生物茵藻类，属I型有机质类型；Ro(2％～3．5％)与tmax(500～600℃)反映的成熟度已进入过成熟早期乃至晚期阶段，但仍处于生气高峰期内。对我国下寒武统烃源岩综合对比表明，华北陆块南缘下寒武统烃源岩同塔里木陆块和扬子陆块相当层位的烃源岩具有显著的相似性。综合分析认为，华北陆块南缘下寒武统烃源岩具有形成深源气、裂解气和保留早期气的现实性。该套烃源岩的发现，为我国油气勘探提出了新观念——注重海相地层、新层位——寒武系、新领域——在华北陆块周缘寻找以石炭系为主储层的和田河式气藏、以震旦系为主储层的威远式气藏。     

湖北宜昌地区寒武系岩石学特征及沉积环境

鄂西宜昌地区寒武系出露齐全、连续，且岩石类型多样、化石丰富，是我国寒武系的标准剖面之一。其沉积环境以潮下高能浅滩为主，其次为间歇能量的潮间带、滨岸的中小型浅滩，少数为开阔海较深处的静水灰泥沉积。石灰岩集中分布于下寒武统天河板组和水井沱组，其次在下寒武统的石牌组、中寒武统的磕膝包组、官山瑙组有少量夹层出现。其岩石类型有颗粒灰岩（鲕粒灰岩、核形石灰岩、砾屑灰岩及砂屑灰岩）、含颗粒泥粉晶灰岩（含生屑泥粉晶灰岩、含生屑灰岩）及泥晶灰岩。白云岩是本地区数量最多的岩石类型。从下寒武统石龙洞组开始都是白云岩沉积，白云岩可据白云石化作用机理和时间的不同分为准同生白云岩和准同生后白云岩两大类。准同生白云岩广泛出现于中上寒武统，岩石呈土黄色、砖红色，具纹层、鸟眼、干裂构。准同生后白云岩根据残余颗粒的有无可分为残余颗粒白云岩和晶粒白云岩两大类。晶粒白云岩有两种成因。一为回流渗透云化；二为深埋藏云化。根据本区寒武系岩石的岩石学特征、生物组合特征和结构构造特征本文重建了各组段的沉积环境.     

GIS在建立1:20万综合水文地质图空问数据库中的应用研究

以农安幅1：20万综合水文地质图空间数据库的建立为例，介绍了利用GIS建立空间数据库的全过程。讨论了建库过程中的主要操作步骤、方法和一些值得注意的问题。着重讨论在图形数据采集及建立空间属性数据库时，如何保证图形的数学精度，如何使拓扑结构合理，以及如何使属性联接正确。     

建立地理信息系统的几个问题探讨

介绍了地理信息系统开发的技术路线，阐述了建立地理信息系统过程中，如何解决系统模型建立、系统的空间坐标系统、数据质量问题和系统的质量体系等重要问题。     

Economics of Flood Protection in India

The peculiar rainfall pattern in Indiarenders the country highly vulnerable to floods. Forty million hectares of land, roughlyone-eighth of the country's geographical area, is prone to floods. Each year, floods cause extensive damage to life and property, losses being exacerbated by rapid population growth, unplanned development and unchecked environmental degradation. The country has been tackling the problem through structural and non-structural measures. While non-structural measures like flood forecasting aim at improving the preparedness to floods by seeking to keep people away from floodwaters, structural measures involve the construction of physical structures like embankments, dams, drainage channels, and reservoirs that prevent floodwaters from reaching potential damage centres. Almost 48% of the vulnerable area has been provided with reasonable protection, though floods continue to cause widespread losses year after year. This paper examines the incidence of floods and the trends in consequent losses in the eastern region of the country – one of the most vulnerable – with the objective of studying the efficacy of flood protection measures in the region. Based on a simple regression exercise for three highly vulnerable states in the region, the paper argues that flood protection measures have been inadequate in controlling losses and reducing vulnerability. Regressions for the three states over the period 1971 to 1996 indicate that the level of protection is an insignificant explanatory variable in explaining the number of people (adjusted for increases in density) affected by floods; while area affected, as an indicator of the intensity of floods remains the main loss-determining factor.     

Geochemical and stable isotopic evolution of the Guarani Aquifer System in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

The purpose of this report is to explain geochemical and stable isotopes trends in the Brazilian unit of the Guarani Aquifer System (Botucatu and Piramboia aquifers) in S?o Paulo State, Brazil. Trends of dissolved species concentrations and geochemical modeling indicated a significant role of cation exchange and dissolution of carbonates in downgradient evolution of groundwater chemistry. Loss of calcium by the exchange for sodium drives dissolution of carbonates and results in Na–HCO₃ type of groundwater. The cation-exchange front moves downgradient at probably much slower rate compared to the velocity of groundwater flow and at present is located near to the cities of Sert?ozinho and águas de Santa Barbara (wells PZ-34 and PZ-148, respectively) in a shallow confined area, 50–70 km from the recharge zone. Part of the sodium probably enters the Guarani Aquifer System. together with chloride and sulfate from the underlying Piramboia Formation by diffusion related to the dissolution of evaporates like halite and gypsum. High concentrations of fluorine (up to 13.3 mg/L) can be explained by dissolution of mineral fluoride also driven by cation exchange. However, it is unclear if the dissolution takes place directly in the Guarani Aquifer System or in the overlying basaltic Serra Geral Formation. There is depletion in δ ²H and δ ¹⁸O values in groundwater downgradient. Values of δ ¹³C(DIC) are enriched downgradient, indicating dissolution of calcite under closed system conditions. Values of δ ¹³C(DIC) in deep geothermal wells are very high (>–6.0‰) and probably indicate isotopic exchange with carbonates with δ ¹³C about –3.0‰. Future work should be based on evaluation of vertical fluxes and potential for penetration of contamination to the Guarani Aquifer System. Electronic Publication     

Conodonts from the Upper Cambrian Sesong and Hwajeol Formations in the Sabuk Area, South Korea

This paper presents a conodont biostratigraphic study on the Upper Cambrian Sesong and Hwajeol Formations in the Sabuk area, Korea. Two samples near the base of the Sesong Slate at the Pukil section contain lower Upper Cambrian conodonts, comprising Furnishina furnishi, F. kranzae, F. pernical, F. triangulate, Hertzina elongata, Laiwugnathus doidyxus?, Phakelodus elongatus, Muellerodus? obliquus, Westergaardodina matsushitai and W. moessebergensis. This is the first conodont record of the Upper Cambrian formations recovered yet in the northern limb of the Paekunsan syncline. The faunal assemblage is correctable with the lower Upper Cambrian W. matsushitai Zone of North China. Four local biozones are recognized in the Hwajeol Formation, i.e. the Proconodontus, Eoconodontus notchpeakensis, Cambrooistodus minutus and Cordylodus proavus Zones in ascending order. This zonal scheme is essentially equivalent to that of the southern limb of the Paekunsan syncline and they are correlatable with zones in other pa     

滕州西部平原第四系地下水资源管理系统

降雨量作为水资源评价和管理的一个重要参数，长期以来，均采用多年平均值，但由于大气降雨的灾变性，这种平均值即不能客观地反映未来降雨量，更不能代表某一指定年份的降雨量，它实际上是一种建立在算术概率基础上的以数字表示的定性方法。为解决这一问题，本文利用灰色系统理论的灾变预测方法对山东省滕州市西部平原地区不同年份的降雨量进行预测，并通过预测建立该区地下水资源管理模型，主要由三部分组成：即①降雨预测系统；②水资源供需平衡系统；③水资源管理系统。     

华北石油天然气烃源岩的确认及其地质矿产意义

华北陆块南缘下寒武统烃源岩的发现，为寻找华北地下能源提出了新的赋存层系，分布地区和研究领域，可望对21世纪华北勘探天然气拓展新局面有所助益，综合分析认为，华北陆块南缘具有形成深源气，裂解气和保留早期气的现实性。     

Web存储系统中窗体注册表的应用研究

介绍了Web存储系统（WSS）中窗体注册表的基本概念，分析了注册表的工作流程和主要参数，举例说明了注册表的操作和应用。