Effects of Task Demand and Familiarity with Scenes in Visuospatial Representations on the Perception and Processing of Spatial Information

This study examined the effects of task demand and familiarity on students' perception and processing of spatial information upon viewing visuospatial representations. Participants in South Korea were told that they would travel through an area, either drawing a map or observing the scenery depicted in photographs. The level of familiarity in the photographs was manipulated in three categories: neighborhood, Seoul (capital city of South Korea), and foreign cities. In two experiments, this study investigated students' eye movements, memory, and response sensitivity and bias. The results indicate that the participants in the map-drawing condition focused on structural information, such as routes, and that their memory of the scenes was more accurate. Moreover, the map-drawing group students were more sensitive and prudent in their responses. The increased level of familiarity also made students focus on structural information. The findings provide useful strategies for geography educators to use visuospatial representations.     

基于GPS的青藏块体东北缘现今地壳水平运动研究

以“中国地壳运动网络观测”工程1999～2001年GPS观测数据为基础,应用GAMIT／GLOBK软件对数据进行精密解算,获得了青藏块体东北缘1999～2001年相对于欧亚板块的水平运动速度场。结合板块构造和大地动力学理论,分析了该地区地壳水平运动特征,主要得出了以下结论：①青藏块体地壳运动的东北边界应为海原断裂带和祁连山北缘断裂带;②甘青块体西侧子块体以北东向运动挤压和地壳缩短为主,东部子块体以整体顺时针旋转为主;③鄂尔多斯块体可能存在逆时针旋转运动,其旋转速度在块体西南侧的六盘山断裂处一带最大,向北至块体西北部明显减小。     

Residential mobility in the Seoul metropolitan region, Korea

The spatial pattern of residential mobility in Korea is found to be one of intraregional rather than interregional movement. Net inmigration has taken place only in the Seoul metropolitan region (SMR) since 1970. People from the Cholla region have formed the main stream of net inmigration into the SMR. The decentralization of population from Seoul to Kyonggi and Inchon has generated a transformation of the Seoul urban fringe since 1970. This metropolitanization process is accompanied by residential and employment suburbanization to 45kms from the center of Seoul. Residential mobility in the SMR is the result of metropolitan job opportunities, availability of housing, and the effects of the various regional policies. Availability of transportation between Seoul and its urban fringe encouraged the wide expansion of the urban areas and population redistribution within the SMR.     

中国大中型金属矿床与地块拼合带的关系

本文在分析中国区域地质特征的基础上,以ETM卫星影像为信息源,依据地质学家李四光确定地块的原则和地壳运动规律,根据ETM影像的色调、影纹和地貌等特征,建立了地块划分准则,以此为依据将中国大陆划分成28个大地块,编制了中国大陆地块盆地分布图。本文在分析地壳运动规律和各地块的运动特征的基础上,提出了各地块之间进行着规律性的相互推挤运动,且北部地块向南推移和就位,西部地块向东推移和就位的新观点。本文通过分析已知大中型金属矿床的统计分布规律:大部分矿床分布在地块东、南侧,地块运动方向的前锋,尤其是弧形拼合带前缘;提出了在块体碰撞带或块内大构造带南找大矿的新思路。     

The role of morphology on the displacement of particles in a step–pool river system

Although studies of sediment transport in steep and coarse-grained channels have been more numerous in recent years, the dynamics of sediment transport in step–pool river systems remain poorly understood. This paper investigates displacements of individual clasts through Spruce Creek (Québec, Canada), a classic step–pool channel, and the effects of the channel morphology on the path length of the clasts. Passive integrated transponder tags (PIT) were used to track the displacement of 196 individual particles over a range of discharges including the bankfull stage. Clasts were tracked after five sequences of flood events. The results showed that the distance distributions match a two-parameter Gamma model. Equal mobility transport occurs for the particle size investigated during each sequence of flood events. Mean travel distance of the clasts can be estimated from excess stream power, and the mobility of the clasts is more than an order of magnitude less than the model reported in riffle–pool channels. The dominant morphological length scale of the bed also controls the path length of the clasts. These results confirm some preliminary observations on sediment transport in step–pool channels.     

Clast Fabric in Relict Periglacial Colluvium, Salamanca Re-Entrant, Southwestern New York, USA

Samples of macrofabric data obtained from colluvial deposits near the late-Wisconsinan glacial margin display widely divergent characteristics. Those from highly weathered and jointed sandstone plot as girdle distributions. Samples from red colluvium of early-Wisconsinan age form moderately strong clusters. Fabrics from shallow depth in medium-textured brown colluvium of late-Wisconsinan age generally have modes aligned with the local slope but are weak, and appear to have been modified by frost heaving. Clasts in the basal layers of an overlying loess unit were emplaced by frost heaving from the brown colluvium and have very weak or uniform fabrics. Particle shape exerts an influence on fabric strength in the brown colluvium, with samples composed of more elongated clasts displaying stronger fabrics. Fabrics from near-surface deposits show generally weaker shape and strength characteristics and higher inclinations than those at depth. Calculated seasonal frost penetration is consistent with the depth to which weaker, more steeply inclined fabrics are found. Sampling in relict periglacial deposits should be performed only below the level of disturbance by seasonal frost.     

Time constraints for the evolution of a large slope collapse in karstified mountainous terrain of the southwestern Crimean Mountains, Ukraine

Prominent longitudinal features are often reported on the surfaces of mass movement deposits. However, the genesis and implications of these have not hitherto been considered, and herein we present preliminary observations of their occurrence both in the field and in the laboratory. Elongated ridges are often oriented (sub-) parallel to the flow direction and aligned radially from the source due to debris spreading. They are particularly prominent in large (> 10⁶m³) rock avalanches emplaced onto deformable substrates and are also found in the proximal reaches of volcanic debris avalanches. Flowbands, which are longer and thinner expressions of longitudinal ridges, are continuous along the entire flow length and are observed in rock avalanches emplaced onto glaciers, in snow and some ice avalanches, in pyroclastic flows and some block-and-ash flows, in ejecta sheets, in extraterrestrial landslides, and in some volcanic debris avalanches. Other volcanic debris avalanches and the distal areas of rock avalanches often display hummocks that are aligned radially from the source; we propose that these aligned hummocks are remnants of longitudinal ridges. The formation of elongate ridges (and their expressions as flowbands, aligned hummocks, or distal lobes and digits) in qualitatively-similar fashion in both laboratory and field environments suggests they represent an intrinsic tendency of granular flows in a wide range of situations.     

多粒度的人群移动模拟通用模型及其应用

人群的移动模拟应用广泛,但为不同时空尺度模拟需求开发不同的模拟系统十分困难和繁琐。该文设计了一种人群的空间移动模型(GMPM),GMPM具有多粒度特性,可应用于不同的领域,满足不同空间尺度、时间尺度的人群移动模拟需求;同时,GMPM又是一种通用开发模型原型,基于GMPM可以构造针对不同应用领域的人群空间移动模拟模型。最后,介绍了不同时空尺度人群移动模拟应用案例。     

阿穆尔板块相对欧亚板块的欧拉运动

利用中国东北地区1998～2005年的GPS数据,结合俄罗斯、韩国和蒙古的部分GPS观测资料,用加权最小二乘方法以迭代的方式解算了阿穆尔板块相对欧亚板块的欧拉运动矢量。最终的33个测站的位移速率加权均方根残差(WRMS)为0.98mm/a。计算结果表明阿穆尔相对欧亚板块运动的欧拉极位于阿穆尔板块的北部边界外兴安岭东端(54.06±1.13°N,135.87±7.16°E),欧拉旋转量为0.099±0.00735°/Ma。     

Loggerhead turtle movements reconstructed from 18O and 13C profiles from commensal barnacle shells

Commensal barnacles, Chelonibia testudinaria, from logger-head turtles have ¹⁸O and ¹³C variations in their calcitic shells that record the environments in which the turtles live. Isotopic profiles from the barnacle shells can thus be interpreted to reconstruct movements of the host turtle between open ocean and brackish-water regimes.