闽西北加里东期混合岩及花岗岩的成因:同变形地壳深熔作用

本文选取闽西北前寒武纪变质基底中的混合岩和花岗岩为研究对象,以探讨两者之间的成因联系.详细的岩石学和主量、微量元素地球化学以及锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明,闽西北混合岩是同变形地壳深熔作用的产物,基底变质岩中的黑云母在较低温(约800℃)、H2O不饱和的条件下发生脱水熔融反应产生熔体,构造变形作用在熔体的分离和迁移过程中起到了重要作用.闽西北基底变质岩可能为形成混合岩和花岗岩的源岩,其深熔产生的初始熔体发生结晶分异作用,堆晶产物形成了混合岩的浅色体,而残余熔体继续演化形成花岗岩.混合岩和相关花岗岩形成基本同时,其成岩年龄为437～441Ma.它们均为华南加里东期构造热事件的产物.     

Redeposition of volcaniclastic sediments by a tsunami 4600 years ago at Kushima City,south-eastern Kyushu,Japan

The Hyuga-nada Sea, south-eastern Kyushu, Japan, is located between a strong (Nankai Trough) and a weak interplate coupling zone (Ryukyu Trench). Over the past 400 years this area has only experienced Magnitude 7·5 earthquakes or smaller and associated small-scale tsunamis. However, this short historical record most likely does not include the full range of high magnitude, low frequency giant earthquakes that might have occurred in the region. Thus, it is still unclear whether giant earthquakes and their associated tsunamis have occurred in this region. This paper reports on a prehistoric tsunami deposit discovered in a coastal lowland in south-eastern Kyushu facing the Hyuga-nada Sea. There is a reddish-brown pumiceous layer preserved in a non-marine, organic-rich mud sequence obtained from onshore sediment cores. This layer is recognized as the ca 4600 year old Kirishima-Miike tephra (that is now placed around 4500 years ago) sourced from Mount Kirishima, southern Kyushu. Another whitish pumiceous layer is evident below the Kirishima-Miike tephra in almost all of the sediment cores. A relatively high percentage of marine and brackish diatoms is recorded within this lower pumiceous layer (but not in the surrounding muds or in the overlying Kirishima-Miike tephra), indicating a marine or beach sediment source. Plant material obtained from organic-rich mud immediately below the event layer was dated to ca 4430 to 4710 cal yr bp , providing a limiting-maximum age for this marine incursion event. The presence of marine diatoms below the event layer is probably explained by pre-seismic subsidence. An absence of the resting spore of the planktonic brackish diatom Cheatoceros and the appearance of the freshwater diatom Eunotia serra immediately above the event layer probably represents a marked change to a relatively low-salinity environment. Assuming that there were no significant local geomorphological changes, such as drainage obstruction caused by formation of a new barrier spit, it is considered that co-seismic or immediate post-seismic uplift are the most likely explanations for this notable environmental change. Based on the crustal movements noted before and after the marine incursion, this event is interpreted here as an earthquake-generated tsunami. Moreover, because of these notable seismic crustal movements the tsunamigenic earthquake probably occurred immediately offshore of the study site.     

鲁中山区中生代构造活动对现今岩溶地下水赋存规律的控制作用

为了掌握中生代构造运动以来鲁中山区岩溶地下水富集规律,以莱芜盆地为例,通过水文地质调查及数据统计分析、钻探施工、地质露头观测、碳酸盐岩可溶组分分析等方法,对中生代构造活动特征、岩浆活动特征,及其对岩溶地下水赋存规律的控制作用进行研究。结果表明：鲁中山区具有典型盆-山结构水文地质特征,盆地南北两侧水文地质特征不尽相同;区域滑脱构造形成的层间虚脱、空隙、碎裂岩带,使得鲁中山区下寒武统朱砂洞组含水层表现为"似层状"特征;热液混合岩溶作用形成的溶蚀裂隙、洞穴可成为岩溶地下水良好的赋存空间;由中生代滑脱构造及热液岩溶活动形成的岩溶介质环境受同期或后期层间溶蚀裂隙及断层沟通,形成立体的岩溶地下水网络。岩溶地下水沿该网络径流、富集,形成鲁中山区特有的岩溶地下水赋存特征。     

沉积作用水文地质期沉积水运移的阶段性

根据沉积水所承受的负载种类，把沉积作用水文地质期分为静水压力阶段，异常压力阶段及压实平衡阶段；讨论了各阶段沉积水的运移特征，沉积物释水过程及孔隙度，透水性的变化特点，对一些传统的水文地质研究方法提出了不同的意见。     

Faulting parameters of earthquakes in the New Madrid, Missouri, region

The advent of high-resolution digital seismic recording and advances in computer technology enable the combination of traditional regional seismic network observations with direct seismogram modeling to improve estimates of small earthquake faulting geometry, depth, and size. We illustrate a combined modeling approach using observations from three earthquakes that occurred within the environs of the New Madrid Seismic Zone: two Missouri earthquakes from September 26, 1990 and May 4, 1991; and the southern Illinois earthquake of February 5, 1994. We also re-examine the faulting geometry for two events from the 1960s that are inconsistent with the current estimate of the regional stress field. Based on direct modeling of the long-period seismograms associated with these events, we revise earlier estimates of the earthquake parameters for the March 3, 1963 and July 21, 1967 Missouri earthquakes. Comparing the new and revised results with existing earthquake mechanisms in the region, we find that tension-axes are generally aligned in a N-S to NW-SE direction, while the compression-axes trend in a NE to E direction. An interesting exception to this pattern are the March 3, 1963 and two nearby earthquakes that lie within a well-defined 30-km long left step in seismicity near New Madrid.     

河流层序地层学研究现状与存在的问题

河流层序地层学为河流沉积学研究注入了活力,但已有的河流层序地层模式还存在不少问题.在回顾已有河流层序地层模式的基础上,从河流层序的主控因素、层序内部的等时对比和体系域特征的描述3个方面分析了已有模式中存在的问题,并提出从河流阶地的成因入手分析河流层序的主控因素,基于河流形成过程划分体系域和进行等时对比,并从砂泥比、砂地...     

一维土壤水分运动模拟在土壤水分特征研究中的应用——以华北平原衡水实验站为例

受地形特征以及人类活动的影响,华北平原地下水浅埋区水循环主要以垂直方向上的入渗和蒸发为主,其中,非饱和带对降水和地下水之间的转化具有重要作用。本文选择衡水作为华北平原地下水浅埋区的典型代表点,利用HYDRUS-1D建立了一维数值模型,以平水年2005年夏季作为模拟期,通过计算降水入渗量、蒸散发量、土壤水储存量的变化及地下水补给量等,揭示了该实验点的土壤水分运动特征以及土壤水在降水和地下水转化之间的作用。结果表明降水后土壤水和地下水都得到补给,土壤水储量增加,但由于强烈的蒸发和蒸腾作用(分别占降水补给量的63%和12%),水分消耗较快,因此总的入渗补给量为25%,土壤总储量增加不大;此外,土壤水和地下水联系密切,土壤深层水分在饱和和非饱和状态之间频繁转换,其间没有明确的界面分割,由此说明土壤水在"三水转化"过程中的重要性。     

老挝中北部花岗岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

老挝NM矿区位于中北部长山(Truong Son)岩浆-构造内。在二叠-三叠纪的印支运动期间,Sibumasu板块沿Nan-Uttaradit缝合线与印支板块拼接后,在印支板块的东部形成了北西向右旋的长山(Truong Son)岩浆-构造剪切带。NM矿区的花岗岩可分为中粗粒花岗岩、斑状花岗岩和细粒花岗岩。本区不同类型花岗岩的地球化学特征显示其ACNK值多介于0.9～1.1之间,为高钾钙碱性花岗岩;微量元素中多富集Cs,Rb,Th,U,K而相对亏损Ba,Sr等大离子亲石元素,高场强元素分异明显,Nb,P,Ti表现出明显的负异常;稀土元素相对富集轻稀土,轻稀土元素分馏程度高而重稀土元素分馏程度不明显,铕具中等或明显的负异常,上述特征表明本区不同类型花岗岩的物质来源相似。结合本区的大地构造特征和花岗岩的地球化学特征来看,本区花岗岩可能形成于印支碰撞造山后期的挤压-剪切环境。同时岩浆在从中粗粒花岗岩向斑状花岗岩和细粒花岗岩的结晶演化过程中,TFe,TiO2,MgO,CaO,Na2O的含量逐渐降低,而SiO2和K2O的含量相对增加,Fe,Cu,Zn(Pb)等矿化主要与其中的斑状花岗岩的关系较为密切。     

燕山地区燕山期的挤压与伸展作用

燕山地区中生代断裂演化、区域性不整合界面和盆地演化的地质事实显示,燕山期不仅存在强烈的挤压作用,而且存在强烈的伸展作用。如果把整个侏罗、白垩纪期间的构造运动理解为燕山运动的话,那么燕山运动既形成强烈褶皱和逆冲推覆,又形成断陷盆地和变质核杂岩。整个燕山运动(旋回)包括3次挤压事件和3个伸展阶段,即早侏罗世末挤压事件(北票组沉积之后,海房沟组沉积之前)、晚侏罗世末挤压事件(土城子组沉积之后,义县组沉积之前)和白垩纪末挤压事件(第三系沉积之前);早侏罗世盆地伸展阶段、中晚侏罗世盆地伸展阶段和白垩纪盆地伸展阶段。燕山期内发生了3次由伸展到挤压的转换。     

赣南大埠加里东期花岗岩岩石地球化学特征及其成因

大埠加里东期花岗岩富硅(SiO2平均含量为74.68%)、富钾(K2O/Na2O平均值为1.53),属髙钾钙碱性过铝质花岗岩(A/CNK=1.00~1.22,平均值1.10);稀土总量较低(平均值为145.98×10-6),配分模式为轻稀土相对富集的右倾型,轻稀土分异较明显,重稀土无明显分异,具强烈的铕负异常(δEu平均值为0.24);以相对富集大离子元素Rb、Th、U、Zr、Hf和稀土元素Ce、Nd、Sm、Y,明显亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti为特征。研究表明:大埠加里东期花岗岩为上地壳以泥质岩为主、含少量砂质组分的物源区在后碰撞伸展构造环境下经部分熔融而形成的S型花岗质岩浆,在伸展构造体制下上升侵位而成。