Virtual rate and mean distance of travel of individual clasts in gravel-bed channels

Travel distances in gravel-bed rivers of tagged particles of various sizes are related to excess stream power estimated for peak discharge. Mean distance of movement, irrespective of grain size, is weakly correlated with stream power, especially near the threshold of movement. There may be several reasons for the weak correlation, including variable effects of bed structure, varying magnitudes of sediment mobilizing events and sampling problems. Grain size itself is of marginal significance. The virtual rate of travel calculated using total time for which the flow is larger than that needed to initiate clast movement also bears a weak relation to the excess stream power over the period. Better results are obtained by relating the virtual rate of travel to the first peak of the flow event only. This implies that the initial seeding of the tagged particles dominates the observations. Nonetheless, an underlying general relation is indicated by the data, which are derived from a wide range of flow regime types.     

中国大陆主要构造块体现今运动的基本特征

为了研究中国大陆现代地壳运动和地球动力学,在９０年代初布设了由２２个站组成的全国ＧＰＳ监测网,测站均匀布设在中国大陆不同块体上,１９９２、１９９４和１９９６年对该网进行了３次观测,本文主要评述了３次观测的资料处理和精度,分析了３次测获得的中国大陆现今块体运动的基本特征。研究结果表明,ＧＰＳ网３次观测获得的资料精度均达到１０＾－８～１０＾－９,能满足地壳运动监测的需要,利用３次复测资料结果所建立的我国大陆块体运动模型,有效地检验了地质学和地球物理学的研究结果,在全球框架中,我国大陆整体存在着明显的向东运动,相对于西伯亚的区域性运动特征是：我国西部地区主要受印度板向北的俯冲和推挤的影响,青藏高原在南北向压缩的同时,存在着明显的向东的侧向滑移,这对大陆逃逸模型是较为有利的支持;东部地区的块体运动,同时受到印度板以及太     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震前后地壳垂直运动的负位错模型

利用昆仑山口西8．1级地震震区外围格尔木一五道梁300km长水准测线在1979,1991和2002年3期垂直形变资料,借助研究改进的负位错模型获取发震构造及其相关断裂的运动、变形特征及应力应变积累部位和强度,对与此次大震有关的区域构造形变背景及可能的震后影响进行了研究。结果表明：1991～2002年相对1979～1991年垂直差异运动及应变积累加速增强的特征与昆仑山口西8．1级地震孕育有关;且这样的一个地壳垂直运动加速过程可能还未因地震发生而结束,发震构造相关的断裂构造部位仍有发生较强地震的可能。     

Horizontal aquifer movement induced by groundwater pumping and its applications to the analysis of some geological disasters

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Occurrence,shape and movement of daily rainfall in the Huai Basin,China

The upper reaches of the Huai River in Central China are located in the East Asian monsoon region. Strong seasonality, as well as large interannual variability of rainfall, causes floods and an uneven supply of water. In order to conserve the water and mitigate the floods, dams and flood protection structures are constructed. Their design requires information about the rainfall. Daily observations from 1957 to 1986 from 78 rain gauges were used to study shape, orientation, movement and geographical and seasonal occurrence of storms in the 79 000 km² study area. The rainfall characteristics were described using graphical plots, cross‐ and autocorrelation. Storms larger than 50 mm/day were found to occur from February to November, whereas storms exceeding 350 mm/day were confined to the main rainfall season from late June to mid‐August. The southern part of the study area experienced a break in the rainfall season in late July, corresponding to the seasonal northward shift of the rain belt. A weekly periodicity of 7–8 days for rainfall was found during June–July, but not during August–September. During the whole period June–September, the spatial pattern of daily rainfall revealed an elongated shape, more pronounced during June–July than August–September. The rainfall area was orientated approximately from WSW to ENE during the whole period, and showed an anticlockwise rotation of about 16° per day during June–July. The cross‐correlation analysis revealed that the rainfall area moved about 100 km/day eastward. These results and an investigation of meteorological maps indicate that the spatial correlation pattern of daily rainfall is produced by cold fronts on the Mei‐Yu front. Suggestions are made as to how to use the results for the construction of design rainfalls in the study area. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西昆仑山加里东期花岗岩类浅识

西昆仑山可能有一个呈NW-SE向展布的加里东期花岗岩带存在.除了地质上的依据和判断以外.带内曾获得两个岩体单矿物钾-氩法年龄资料(445Ma、527.6Ma)及一个锆石铀-铅法年龄值(480.43±5Ma).岩体多属钙碱性系列,可能是一个铜、铅、金、稀有金属成矿远景区.岩带西侧的喀拉塔什—依萨克阿特—他龙深断裂可能是加里东期古板块的边界;而这一深断裂的西南侧的木吉—安大力达坂—康西瓦深断裂则是华力西期塔里木板块与伊朗—冈底斯板块间的界线.     

晚新生代贵州高原喀斯特地貌演进及其影响因素

本文对晚新生代贵州喀斯特地貌演进的三大控制因素，即地质基础，新构造运动及换近气候波动进行了分析论证，贵州高原以峰林，峰丛，丘丛－峰丛为主体的三大喀斯特地貌景观，其发育分布主要受地层岩性及褶皱型式的控制，新构造大幅度抬升使高原与峡谷两大地貌系统喀斯特作用的强度及方式发生显著分化，而断裂（褶皱）的挽近活动则导致特殊水文地貌景观的形成；气候冷暖波动赞成喀斯特作用强弱交替的外力环境，总体上有利于贵州喀斯特高原面保存。     

华北陆块南缘下震旦统顶部裂离不整合的发现及其地质意义

华北陆块南缘四十里长山地区下震旦统四顶山组叠层石白云岩与其上部凤台砾岩的接触界面上为一薄层黄铁矿,对其宏观和微观以及地球化学特征研究表明,这一接触界面为裂离不整合。这一裂离不整合的发现和确认为研究华北陆块在Rodnia超大陆裂解时期的地质响应提供了直接依据,也为研究凤台砾岩及其相对应地层的成因提供了重要的构造背景条件。     

Crust-Mantle Structures and Gold Enrichment Mechanism of Mantle Fluid System

Gold enrichment mechanism of ore-forming fluid is the essence of gold metallization.This paper summarizes the distinguishing symbols of mantle fluid and effect of crust-mantle structure on fluid movement. Fluid moving processes include osmosis, surge, gas-liquid alterna-tion and mutation of fluid speed. During fluid movement, gold will be enriched gradually. Final-ly, a layered circulatory system is illustrated in this paper.