The role of ternary projections in colour displays for geochemical maps and in economic mineralogy and petrology

Ternary (triangular) diagrams show the compositional variation of three end-members, recalculated to 100%, and represent the projection into two dimensions of three or more components (since an end-member may represent the sum of more than one original component), and hence multiple space. During the present century they have been of particular importance in chemistry, the earth sciences, colour-mixing and the studies of colour that underlie the development of geochemical colour maps. Such concepts can be traced back to Newton's Opticks although he did not use an explicit ternary theory of colour mixing. Development of the trichromatic theory of colour deficiency began with Mariotte in the 17th century and was definitively established by Maxwell in the 1850s. These colour theorems underlie the development in recent years of the colour maps now in widespread use in geochemistry. The progress of regional geochemical mapping in the British Isles has gone hand-in-hand with the development of computer software and hardware. The use of multi-element colour-combined geochemical maps can be traced from early work at Imperial College by Webb and his co-workers (1964–79) to its later application in the British Geological Survey's Geochemical Atlas series (from 1983 onwards). Between 1955 and 1975 the use of ternary diagrams came to be commonly used in studies of mineralogical composition, including economic minerals, petrology, classification, and phase relationships. In igneous petrology, the quartz–alkali-feldspar–plagioclase-feldspathoid double-triangle has achieved increasing international acceptance. We illustrate these applications with examples pertinent to the Northern Highland Caledonides, with particular emphasis on the lamprophyres and associated rocks. Two distinct multivariate trends of variation are shown to be present which may warrant further investigation to elucidate their bearing on Caledonian mineralisation.     

北淮阳马畈加里东岩体的研究及其地质意义

位于北淮阳凹陷中部的马畈杂岩体,属于加里东期侵入体（角闪石４０Ａｒ／３９Ａｒ年龄为（４６２．７±１．４）Ｍａ）．化学成分显示该岩体具有钙碱性Ｉ型特点,形成于破坏性板块边缘的火山岛弧环境,定位深度约１０ｋｍ．根据岩体的应变分析、面理节理测量、包裹体测温,结合围岩宏观微观构造综合研究得出,马畈岩体至少经历了两次明显构造变形和３个阶段的抬升才剥露于地表．岩体主期隆升发生在侏罗纪之前,早于南部大别地块的主期隆升时间（Ｊ３—Ｋ１）,岩体的多期构造变形与北淮阳自早古生代以来的构造演化有着密切关系．     

赣南遂川地区基性岩脉的性质及构造意义

文章以赣南遂川地区的基性岩脉为研究对象,通过野外地质观察和室内岩石学、地球化学以及锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄测定分析,并对其岩石学、地球化学特征、形成时间、岩浆成因及构造环境等有关问题进行探讨.基性岩脉测年结果为446 Ma±6.6 Ma-422.3 Ma±7.3 Ma,属加里东晚期区域性伸展环境的产物.主、...     

华南加里东运动演化过程中烃源岩的成生

震旦纪至早古生界华南地区是洋盆形成、消亡，最终向前陆盆地转换的连续过程。盆地演化划分为四个阶段：弧后盆地早期碎屑岩充填阶段；弧后盆地晚期热沉降阶段；前陆盆地碳酸盐缓坡阶段；前陆盆地晚期碎屑岩充填阶段。在盆地演化中，形成了四套主要烃源岩系：晚震旦世陡山沱期、早寒武世梅树村期—筇竹寺期、晚奥陶世五峰期和早志留世龙马溴期。其烃源岩有一个共同的特点，为黑灰的碳质页岩。但这几套烃源的成生背景是在盆地不同演化阶段、不同的沉积环境中形成的。被动大陆边缘阶段(震旦系—中奥陶世)以陆棚至斜坡的转折带为最佳。前陆盆地阶段由于前陆隆起的阻挡作用，在其后的隆后盆地为最佳的生烃区，在构造改造成阶段也为受破坏最弱区。因而陆棚至斜坡的转折带和前陆隆起的隆后盆地是寻找油气的有利靶区。     

豫西南野獐—黑龙庙金矿与花岗岩的成矿关系

野獐—黑龙庙成矿带赋存于五朵山花岗岩体的中西部,位于五朵山岩体西成矿带内侧。从地质背景、矿床特征、产出类型等几方面,对野獐—黑龙庙金多金属矿与五朵山西成矿带的成矿一致性及其特殊性进行系统性对比,探讨了金矿的成因以及与加里东期五朵山花岗岩体在空间与时间上的关联性,阐述了岩体中断裂、剪切带在成矿过程中所起的传输媒介与应力场作用,认为五朵山花岗岩体仅为围岩,并非矿源提供者。     

陕西商丹陈家庄铀矿区花岗岩体和伟晶岩脉的U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征与铀成矿作用

陕西陈家庄铀矿床是我国北秦岭商州—丹凤伟晶岩型铀矿集区中一个重要的矿床,铀矿体均产于加里东期花岗岩体周边花岗伟晶岩脉与围岩(秦岭群变质杂岩)的接触部位。本文对矿区花岗岩体、花岗伟晶岩脉开展了详细的岩石学、岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学研究,进而对其成因、成岩构造环境和铀矿化机理进行了探讨。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明,黄龙庙黑云母花岗岩体,陈家庄二长花岗岩体和非矿、贫矿、富矿花岗伟晶岩脉的成岩年龄分别为(446±3) Ma、(419±2) Ma、(417±3) Ma、(414±4) Ma和(416±3) Ma。地球化学分析显示：黄龙庙黑云母花岗岩体具有Ⅰ型花岗岩、埃达克质岩特征,源自加厚下地壳的部分熔融,形成于块体碰撞构造环境;陈家庄二长花岗岩体也具有I型花岗岩特征,但源区深度略浅,形成于碰撞后的减压环境。花岗伟晶岩脉与陈家庄二长花岗岩体近于同时形成,且具有亲缘性。铀矿物及富铀黑云母均产于花岗伟晶岩脉中。对比研究揭示,非矿、贫矿、富矿花岗伟晶岩脉地球化学特征和铀赋存状况的差异由同化混染作用程度高低所致。在花岗伟晶岩脉与秦岭群变质杂岩的接触部位,同化混染作用较弱的部位形成的二云母花岗伟晶岩脉仅具有弱的铀富集,同化混染作用较强的部位所形成的富石英、黑云母花岗伟晶岩脉则高度富集铀且构成铀矿体。综合研究表明,花岗伟晶岩脉成岩期后的同化混染作用是铀富集成矿的主导因素。     

加里东期上扬子区前陆盆地演化过程中的层序特征与地层划分

层序地层的主控因素包括全球海平面变化、构造沉降、气候、物源供给等方面 ,在不同性质的盆地内它们所起的作用大小不一 ,在前陆盆地中以构造沉降控制为主。上扬子区在加里东运动过程中形成前陆盆地 ,主要经历了三次挤压、挠曲沉降至松驰、抬升过程。一是中奥陶世至晚奥陶世临湘期 ,二是晚奥陶世五峰期至早志留世龙马溪期 ,三是早志留世石牛栏期至中志留世。在盆地演化过程中 ,由于前陆隆起露出水面 ,使物源供给方向和性质改变 ,造成隆后盆地沉积环境由开放变为半闭塞 ,由碳酸盐岩转变为碎屑岩沉积。以此重大的转换为界 ,将上扬子区的中奥陶统至中志留统划分为 2个二级层序 ,奥陶系—志留系界线放在第二个二级层序的最大海泛面之顶 ,也就是观音桥组的顶 ,此结果与岩石地层清理成果相一致。以海平面相对变化和沉积物的转变进一步划分成 4个三级层序 ,又根据三级层序的体系域的演化相应地划分出岩性组。因此将临湘组与宝塔组归并成宝塔组 ,体现了海水逐渐变浅、向上加积的过程 ,且它们间为一渐变过渡 ,在碳酸盐浅滩和盆地边缘之处 ,两者划分不开 ,为了便于填图与对比 ,将其划归在一起。由于观音桥组分布不稳定 ,五峰组与龙马溪组下部岩性相似 ,为了油气的评价和填图的可操作性 ,将五峰组、观音桥组、龙马?     

The Caledonian Symmetrical Double Binary Four-Body Problem I: Surfaces of Zero-Velocity Using the Energy Integral

The Caledonian four-body problem introduced in a recent paper by the authors is reduced to its simplest form, namely the symmetrical, four body double binary problem, by employing all possible symmetries. The problem is three-dimensional and involves initially two binaries, each binary having unequal masses but the same two masses as the other binary. It is shown that the simplicity of the model enables zero-velocity surfaces to be found from the energy integral and expressed in a three dimensional space in terms of three distances r ₁, r ₂, and r ₁₂, where r ₁ and r ₂ are the distances of two bodies which form an initial binary from the four body systems centre of mass andr ₁₂ is the separation between the two bodies.     

Late Caledonian dyke-swarms in Southern Scotland: New field,petrological and geochemical data for the Wigtown Peninsula,Galloway

Several hundred, dominantly NE-trending dykes invade Silurian flysch sediments of the Wigtown Peninsula. The most basic dykes are K-rich biotite-lamprophyres, hornblende-lamprophyres and appinites ('diorites' of previous maps). More acidic (qz and cm normative) dykes include restricted andesitic compositions ('porphyritcs', c. 57 per cent SiO₂) and a continuum from dacitic to rhyolitic compositions ('acid porphyrites' and 'porphyries', c. 63–71 per cent SiO₂). The relative abundance of basic to intermediate + acidic dykes, based on examination of 180 thin sections and 70 new whole-rock analyses, is approximately 7:1. The biotite- and hornblende-lamprophyres are distinct in chemistry and distribution, biotite-lamprophyres being confined to the south of the Peninsula. Neither type has any compositional equivalent among the plutonic rocks of the area. Porphyrite and porphyry dykes do not represent simple lamprophyre fractionates, but may be derived from at least two (intermediate and acidic) parent magmas, which may represent crustally-contaminated lamprophyre or entirely separate crustal melts. Emplacement of all dyke compositions was apparently episodic through Wenlock to early Devonian times (c. 425-395 Ma). Early dykes post-date the main deformation (D₁) but predate minor (D₂) folding, both D₁ and D₂ being related to thrusting. On the current accretionary model for the Southern Uplands, this implies that dyke emplacement commenced before the end of accretion in a compressional tectonic regime—scarcely consistent with the moderate (up to 6 per cent) crustal extension represented by the dykes. The geochemistry of the lamprophyres requires a deep mantle origin several hundred kilometres behind any subduction zone. This suggests that the 'lapetus suture', at the time of dyke emplacement, was much farther south than its currently inferred position and places the Southern Uplands in a back-arc situation.