盐纺Ca^2＋和Cl^-离子水化异常映震特征研究

通过对盐纺Ca^2＋、Cl^-离子观测值进行月均值及方差值分析处理,认为盐纺水化点Ca^2＋、Cl^-离子的月均值及其方差值曲线有较好的映震效果,其异常变化与区域内成组中等地震活动关系密切,并就盐纺水化点Ca^2＋、C^l-离子的动态异常与区域地震活动之间的可能关系进行探讨。     

海洋钙同位素分馏机制及其古海洋学应用

钙在海洋中是离子浓度仅次于钠和镁的金属元素,在海洋生物过程及矿物形成中都占据重要的地位。随着同位素分析仪器精度的提高,钙同位素等非常规稳定同位素的研究逐渐成为地球化学的热门,钙同位素在海洋环境中的分馏机制及其在古海洋学中的应用研究不断完善。系统介绍了钙同位素高精度分析的方法和原理,海洋环境中无机成因和有机成因2种钙同位素分馏的机制和应用;通过大量的文献调研综述了钙同位素地球化学研究在古海洋参数恢复上的应用。通过有孔虫Globigerinoides sacculifer的钙同位素具有对温度敏感、温感公式简单、后生成岩作用对其影响小和分析材料完整易得等优点,并同其他传统地质温度计联用,为古海洋研究提供精确的海洋表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST);利用钙同位素值温度相关性较小的钙质壳体来恢复古海洋钙通量;利用无机成因碳酸盐岩盖帽的钙同位素恢复海水CO2-3浓度和研究甲烷渗漏对古海洋环境的影响。     

海水钙浓度对远海梭子蟹软壳持续时间与形态变化的影响

盐度30、pH7.5～8.5、温度27～30℃条件下,将刚刚蜕壳的远海梭子蟹放入不同钙浓度梯度(0～400 mg/L)的人工海水中,进行钙浓度对远海梭子蟹蟹壳硬化影响的实验。结果表明:0～12.5 mg/L浓度组的软壳持续时间在10.4～11.4 h之间,25～200 mg/L浓度组的软壳持续时间在6.1～7.7 h,400 mg/L浓度组的软壳持续时间为4.4 h;不同浓度组下,壳宽的增加差异不显著(P﹥0.05),壳长的增加差异也不显著(P﹥0.05);50 mg/L浓度组与400 mg/L浓度组体重增加差异显著(P<0.05),其它各浓度组之间体重增加差异不显著(P﹥0.05)。     

Physiological effects of hypercapnia in the deep-sea bivalve Acesta excavata (Fabricius, 1779) (Bivalvia; Limidae)

The option of storing CO₂ in subsea rock formations to mitigate future increases in atmospheric CO₂ may induce problems for animals in the deep sea. In the present study the deep-sea bivalve Acesta excavata was subjected to environmental hypercapnia (pHSW 6.35, PCO₂ = 33,000 μatm) corresponding to conditions reported from natural CO₂ seeps. Effects on acid–base status and metabolic rate were related to time of exposure and subsequent recovery. During exposure there was an uncompensated drop in both hemolymph and intracellular pH. Intracellular pH returned to control values, while extracellular pH remained significantly lower during recovery. Intracellular non-bicarbonate buffering capacity of the posterior adductor muscle of hypercapnic animals was significantly lower than control values, but this was not the case for the remaining tissues analyzed. Oxygen consumption initially dropped by 60%, but then increased during the final stages of exposure, which may suggest a higher tolerance to hypercapnia than expected for a deep-living species.     

页岩油化学生热原位转化开采理论与方法

页岩油资源量潜力巨大,作为一种重要的接替能源,寻求页岩油的有效开发与经济利用的途径,对缓解能源供需矛盾具有重大的现实意义。在分析页岩油原位转化/改质各种方法优缺点的基础上,总结了页岩油裂解生烃转化的温度时间条件与结构演化特征,根据物质与能量平衡原理,提出了页岩油化学生热原位转化开采理论与方法,论证了该方法温度水平、热量供给和固相体积变化等技术可行性,提出了关键技术可能突破的工艺路径。得出了如下结论:当前中低成熟度页岩油和油页岩地下原位转化/改质方法主要面临热效率低、污染风险高和储层沉降失稳等瓶颈难题; 提出了页岩油化学生热原位开采理论,采用氧化钙与水反应为有机质原位转化提供热量,通过热量平衡与固相物质平衡分析、高压氧化钙水解试验,证明了该理论方法的技术可行性和经济性; 建立了页岩油化学生热原位转化开采方法,提出了氧化钙粉末表面包覆改性、氧化钙微球、氧化钙羟基注入液、高压空气氧化钙粉末注入等核心技术工艺路径。     

Modelling the Kinetics of Calcium Hydroxide Dissolution in Water

In water treatment calcium hydroxide is used in softening and decarbonization techniques as well as in stabilization processes. Due to its slight solubility calcium hydroxide is applied as suspension. The dissolution kinetics plays a major role in these processes. For the characterization of calcium hydroxide dissolution empirical methods exist. These methods allow relative comparison of different calcium hydroxide products. Thus in this study a dissolution rate model is presented that is based on the chemical reactions determining the dissolution. This model allows to predict the dissolution with respect to particle diameter and temperature. However, the most important factor is the particle diameter i.e. the total surface of particles in solution. Furthermore an effect of the dosed amount of calcium hydroxide particles on the solubility was found.     

浓氯化钙水溶液中高配位Ca-Cl离子团簇:分子动力学模拟研究

采用分子动力学(MD)模拟研究了5.55 mol·kg~(-1)氯化钙溶液的微观结构特征,尤其是溶液中高配位Ca-Cl离子团簇的结构与性质,探究了温度对于高配位Ca-Cl离子团簇的影响。结果显示,5.55 mol·kg~(-1)氯化钙溶液中,除形成[CaCl]~+、[CaCl_2]~0离子对外,还存在一些高配位[CaCl_x]~(2-)~x(x=3～6)离子团簇。高配位[CaCl_x]~(2-)~x(x=3～6)离子团簇在5.55 mol·kg~(-1)氯化钙溶液中介稳存在,易解离或进一步缔合形成更大Ca-Cl离子团簇,这可能与溶液中大量未完全水合Ca~(2+)对高配位[CaCl_x]~(2-)~x(x=3～6)离子团簇水壳层的扰动破坏有关。温度升高,氯化钙溶液中Ca-Cl离子缔合增强,但高配位Ca-Cl离子团簇的平均存在时间(t_(av))减小,这表示高温下溶液中Ca-Cl离子团簇频繁地解离与缔合,离子团聚趋势更为显著。本工作观测到的高配位[CaCl_x]~(2-)~x(x=3～6)离子团簇可能是浓氯化钙溶液Ca-Cl离子缔合过程中一种热力学不稳定结构,但这些高配位Ca-Cl离子团簇的形成可能对溶液结晶及相关化学过程产生不利影响。     

Abschätzung und Beeinflussbarkeit der Arsenmobilität in kontaminierten Böden

Assessment and Modification of Arsenic Mobility in Contaminated Soil Arsenic concentration in the seepage of contaminated soils of an old tannery site is assessed using batch and column experiments. The effect of reducing conditions, pH, and ionic strength is also investigated. The iron oxide rich subsoil (C‐horizon) is the main source of groundwater pollution with arsenic. In this horizon, mobilization can increase as a result of reducing conditions upon periodical water saturation. Therefore, the potentially mobile arsenic is determined by a reductive dissolution of the poorly crystalline iron oxide fraction using 0.1 M ascorbic acid. Arsenic concentration can be reduced from 100 μg/L to below 20 μg/L by an increase of ionic strength (e.g. by a 0.01 M CaCl₂ solution). Arsenic contaminated soils should be limed regularly in order to maintain the highest possible calcium concentration in the soil solution.     

A comparative analysis of compositional variations in and between marine ferromanganese nodules and crusts in the South Pacific and their environmental controls

Regional variation of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu in ferromanganese oxides (nodules and crusts) in the central south Pacific is related to primary productivity, oxygen minimum layer, and calcium carbonate compensation depth. The largely latitudinal influence of these environmental parameters on nodule and crust composition reflects their predominantly latitudinal variation. Primary productivity is the principal regional environmental control, influencing diagenetic enrichment of these elements in nodules through its effect, mediated by the CCD, on supply and concentration of labile organic matter vs. carbonate remains to the sediments. It influences hydrogenetic enrichment of these elements in nodules and crusts through its effect, mediated by the oxygen minimum layer (mainly in the case of crusts), on their export from surface waters.The elements’ varying susceptibility to being scavenged or organically bound influences the contrasting composition of diagenetic vs. hydrogenetic ferromanganese oxides, which is further influenced by depth. Hydrogenesis is the fundamental process governing nodule and crust formation, superimposed on which is diagenesis under specific circumstances; both are subject to intermittent interruption, diminution and augmentation by changes in environmental parameters. Application of regionally operative environmental controls locally explains local compositional variations and helps refine exploration criteria for economically viable nodules and crusts.     

由鳕鱼排制备活性钙

为了充分利用鳕鱼排这一丰富的钙资源，本文对干鱼骨粉在不同的酸浓度、温度条件下，用盐酸、乳酸和乙酸提取骨钙的效果进行了研究。结果表明盐酸对鳕鱼鱼骨中钙的提取效果最好，可高达６０％以上；乳酸次之，提取率约为３０％；乙酸的提取率最低。以鱼骨制取的活性钙粉含钙３８．２７％，含磷为１７．７３％，Ｃａ／Ｐ比约为２：１。活性钙粉中Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｍｇ、Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｓｅ等微量元素在鱼骨活化处理后有一定的损失。