安塞油田坪桥难采区油藏特征及开发对策

难动用储量多处于各油藏边部,物性变差、丰度低。坪桥难采区长6储层与已开发的坪桥老区相比,碎屑颗粒细,填隙物含量高,物性差,排驱压力、中值压力大,面孔率小(尤其是残余粒间孔少),属于典型的特低渗储层。具有明显的非达西渗流特征,较大的启动压力梯度。同时,黏土矿物的水化分散和微粒运移造成储层的水敏和速敏损害等特点。为减少储层伤害、增加储层渗流能力、建立有效的压力驱替系统,运用油藏精细描述技术、井网优化技术、超前注水技术、优化压裂改造方案、黏土稳定剂等技术措施,实施效果显著。     

地震信号内插与噪音剔除（一）

信号内插与噪音剔除是相互有着有机联系的两个方面。首先讨论地震信号的内插方法,提出了一种“最佳内插算子”,从而导出了另一种“检噪算子”,它可以有效地把干扰波从记录中识别出来,并将其“剔除”出去。进而讨论空间域数据的内插问题——道内插问题。在一定的条件下,空间域数据内插与时间域内插是完全等效的,因此道内插也可以采用与时间域相同的“最佳内插算子”。地震记录上的干扰波其绝大部分表现为空间域的脉冲式干扰,所以用“检噪算子”在空间域作褶积,便能识别干扰,从而对干扰加以剔除。本文解决了一种迭代的剔除方法,取得了好的效果。     

浅层地下水SF6年龄测试技术及其应用

地下水年龄是水文地质研究的重要参数,特别是年轻地下水的年龄.论述了安装设计的用于地下水中SF6的测试技术,该技术装置由SF6提取系统和分析测试系统两部分组成,前者由剥离器、硅胶管、冷冻富集陷阱、六通阀、十通阀、高纯氮气钢瓶和载气过滤系统组成,后者由带电子捕获检测器(ECD)的气相色谱仪组成.通过条件实验,该系统测定SF6的标准误差为1.77%,对SF6的最低检测极限为1.0×10-12,测定空气中的SF6只需10 mL气体,测定地下水样时只需1.0 L.研究了地下水SF6年龄的计算程序,计算了石家庄市浅层地下水的年龄.     

Modelling the Kinetics of Calcium Hydroxide Dissolution in Water

In water treatment calcium hydroxide is used in softening and decarbonization techniques as well as in stabilization processes. Due to its slight solubility calcium hydroxide is applied as suspension. The dissolution kinetics plays a major role in these processes. For the characterization of calcium hydroxide dissolution empirical methods exist. These methods allow relative comparison of different calcium hydroxide products. Thus in this study a dissolution rate model is presented that is based on the chemical reactions determining the dissolution. This model allows to predict the dissolution with respect to particle diameter and temperature. However, the most important factor is the particle diameter i.e. the total surface of particles in solution. Furthermore an effect of the dosed amount of calcium hydroxide particles on the solubility was found.     

Polluted River Systems: Monitoring and Assessment of Ecotoxicological Risks

In the past chemical, ecological, and toxicological research was carried out in a separate way. Nowadays, more and more studies are undertaken considering these three approaches in an integrated way (triad studies). A sophisticated combination of chemical and biological monitoring and bioassays can improve water quality management of polluted rivers. Application of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), algorithms for mixture toxicity of known substances, chemical group parameters, and response-oriented sum parameters, may reduce uncertainties in ecotoxicological risk management.     

基于CNGI的政府地理信息系统建设与应用技术研究

介绍了我国首个基于CNGI的地理信息系统移植和建设情况,针对CNGI与IPv6的技术特点开展了新的地理信息应用技术研究,并以政府地理信息系统“地学之窗”为基础开发了GIS应用示范系统,为下一代网络环境下地理信息系统技术开发和应用建设奠定了一系列技术基础。     

基于源路由的IPv6网络瓶颈带宽定位和估计

网络瓶颈带宽是网络性能的重要指标,现有的瓶颈测量工具只能定位和估计端到端路径的瓶颈带宽,无法定位和估计网络各处的瓶颈带宽,不能满足各种网络设计、管理及应用的需求。文中基于IPv6网络的源路由机制,设计能够定位和估计整个IPv6网络瓶颈带宽的算法和测量包序列,提出基于现代最优化原理的动态规划和分支定界算法,实现了测量工具Netneck。部署在1台探测主机的Netneck就可以定位和估计整个IPv6网络的瓶颈,能够满足全网瓶颈测量的需求。通过部署在CNGI-6PlanetLab平台的大量CERNET2 IPv6网络实验,验证了该算法和工具的有效性。     

Change of tropical cyclone heat potential in response to global warming

Tropical cyclone heat potential (TCHP) in the ocean can affect tropical cyclone intensity and intensification. In this paper, TCHP change under global warming is presented based on 35 models from CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5). As the upper ocean warms up, the TCHP of the global ocean is projected to increase by 140.6% in the 21st century under the RCP4.5 (+4.5 W m^-2 Representative Concentration Pathway) scenario. The increase is particularly significant in the western Pacific, northwestern Indian and western tropical Atlantic oceans. The increase of TCHP results from the ocean temperature warming above the depth of the 26°C isotherm (D26), the deepening of D26, and the horizontal area expansion of SST above 26°C. Their contributions are 69.4%, 22.5% and 8.1%, respectively. Further, a suite of numerical experiments with an Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM) is conducted to investigate the relative importance of wind stress and buoyancy forcing to the TCHP change under global warming. Results show that sea surface warming is the dominant forcing for the TCHP change, while wind stress and sea surface salinity change are secondary.     

Zielvorgaben für Pflanzenschutzmittelwirkstoffe und andere Schadstoffe in Oberflächengewässern

Quality Targets for Pesticides and Other Pollutants in Surface Waters Surface waters are not only adversely affected by industrial and municipal wastewaters but also by diffuse sources. For the control of the ecological water quality, so‐called quality targets are set. The quality targets are threshold concentrations for hazardous substances related to the protected goods like water ecosystems, drinking water supply, sediments, or fishing. In this paper, quality targets for the protection of aquatic life in surface waters were derived on the basis of a concept developed by the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (Internationale Kommission zum Schutze des Rheins – IKSR). The quality targets for the selected hazardous substances, which mainly belong to the chemical class of pesticides, were calculated using ecotoxicological results for species of bacteria, algae, fish, and small crustaceans, as the four trophic standards of the water ecosystem. In cooperation with the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt – UBA) the effect data were taken from ecotoxicological data bases. According to the concept of the IKSR, the lowest test result for the most sensitive species was multiplied by an assessment factor. This proceeding concerns the difficulty in describing the complex interactions in water ecosystems with toxicity data of single laboratory experiments for a few organisms. For seven pesticides quality targets below 0.1 μg/L were proposed. These results show that the ecotoxicologically based quality targets might be even lower than the limit values for pesticides in drinking water of 0.1 μg/L. But for most of the substances the determined values are significantly higher. The great concentration range of quality targets demonstrates distinctly that one standard concentration for all pesticides could not be given with regard to the different effects on aquatic organisms.