青藏高原隆升作用于大气临界高度的数值研究

利用Ｐ－σ混合坐标系全球大气环流模式研究了青藏高原隆升作用于大气临界高度问题,通过对数值试验结果的分析进一步证实了在高原隆升的过程中存在着一个临界高度,这个高度在夏季约为１５００～２０００ｍ。当高原总体平均高度超过临界高度后,高原周围地区的气流主要以绕流为主,爬坡气流的速度较小,稳定的高原季风开始形成,高原地区范围内为强大的上升运动区,高原南侧和中国东部地区出现一条明显的雨带,随着高原隆升高度的增高,雨带内的降水量逐渐增加,同时高原西侧附近地区形成一个稳定的感热通量大值带     

四川盆地南部地区新生代隆升剥露研究——低温热年代学证据

本文通过背斜褶皱变形与低温热年代学年龄(磷灰石和锆石(U-Th)/He、磷灰石裂变径迹)端元模型研究,约束低起伏度、低斜率地貌特征的四川盆地南部地区新生代隆升剥露过程.四川盆地南部沐川和桑木场背斜地区新生代渐新世-中新世发生了相似的快速隆升剥露过程(速率为~0.1 mm/a、现今地表剥蚀厚度1.0~2.0 km),反映出盆地克拉通基底对区域均一性快速抬升冷却过程的控制作用.川南沐川地区磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄值为~10—28.6 Ma, 样品年龄与古深度具有明显的线性关系,揭示新生代~10—30 Ma以速率为0.12±0.02 mm/a的稳态隆升剥露过程.桑木场背斜地区磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为~36—52 Ma,古深度空间上样品AFT年龄变化不明显(~50 Ma)、且具有相似的径迹长度(~12.0 μm).磷灰石裂变径迹热演化史模拟表明桑木场地区经历三个阶段热演化过程:埋深增温阶段(~80 Ma以前)、缓慢抬升冷却阶段(80—20 Ma)和快速隆升剥露阶段(~20 Ma—现今),新生代隆升剥露速率大致分别为~0.025 mm/a和~0.1 mm/a.新生代青藏高原大规模地壳物质东向运动与四川盆地克拉通基底挤压,受板缘边界主断裂带差异性构造特征控制造就了青藏高原东缘不同的边界地貌特征.     

南方震旦系灯影组热液白云岩化及其对储层形成的影响研究——以黔中隆起为例

我国南方地区,特别是四川盆地震旦系灯影组是我国当前高演化天然气勘探的热点,以黔中隆起为例,新揭示了其中发育的热液白云岩化现象,并探讨了其对储层形成的影响。研究区灯影组白云岩溶蚀孔洞或裂缝中见有白云石、石英、沥青充填,其中一种充填的粗晶白云石具有弯曲晶面、波状消光特征,在岩石学特征上初步反映热液成因。地球化学特征进一步揭示了这种热液成因。不同采样位置热液白云石样品中流体包裹体均一温度平均为157.5 ℃～205.8 ℃,最高为253.5 ℃。热液白云石具有较轻的氧同位素组成,δ¹⁸O_PDB 位于 -15.3‰～-8.6‰之间,平均值为 -11.2‰;较高的⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶ Sr比值（0.709 445～0.713 131）,其平均值为0.710 843,在稀土元素组成上,热液白云石具有典型的Eu正异常的特点,δEu值为1.11～7.46,平均值为2.37。因此,灯影组热液白云石发育。热液活动对储层形成具有积极影响,主要体现在对充填在早期岩溶孔洞和构造裂缝中的白云石产生了溶蚀作用,溶蚀孔中见沥青充填,反映为油气运移通道和聚集空间。因此,热液溶蚀改造作用对我国南方地区震旦系灯影组及下古生界碳酸盐岩储层发育可能具有重要意义,值得加强探索研究。     

迁安紫苏花岗岩的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄谱

对采自河北省迁安县水厂地区的紫苏花岗岩中的黑云母和紫苏辉石进行了~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄测定,分别给出了18.7亿年和19.6亿年的~(40)Ar保存年龄。这两种矿物的年龄谱的视年龄的梯度变化表明,紫苏花岗岩形成后是缓慢冷却的。3.9亿年左右的一次热事件,造成了放射成因~(40)Ar的丢失。根据热历史和封闭温度的研究,从27亿年(侵入到该区紫花岗岩中的花岗闪长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄)到19.6亿年,紫苏花岗岩岩体的抬升速率为6.5m/Ma,但从19.6亿年到18.7亿年,其抬升速率高达111m/Ma,具有明显的构造抬升作用。     

The Pleistocene terrace staircase of the River Thame, central-southern England, and its significance for regional stratigraphic correlation, drainage development, and vertical crustal motions

The Thame is one of the principal left-bank affluents of the Thames, the largest river in southern England; it joins the Upper Thames at Dorchester, ∼20 km downstream of Oxford. Its terraces include a younger group of four, which date from the late Middle Pleistocene and Late Pleistocene, are disposed subparallel to the modern river, and represent drainage within the modern catchment. At higher levels there are three older terraces, the Three Pigeons, Tiddington and Chilworth terraces, which are assigned to MIS 16, 14 and 12. With much gentler downstream gradients, these are fragmentary remnants of much more substantial fluvial deposits, indicating a much larger river that was disrupted by the Anglian (MIS 12) glaciation. This interpretation supersedes an earlier view that the glacigenic deposits in the Thame headwaters correlate with the Blackditch terrace, the highest of the younger group, which has hitherto provided an argument that the glaciation in this region occurred in MIS 10. It is suggested that the headwaters of the pre-Anglian ‘Greater Thame’ river were located near Northampton and that the Milton Sands of that area represent an upstream counterpart of the Chilworth terrace deposits. It is envisaged that this early Middle Pleistocene drainage geometry, located between the Jurassic limestone and Chalk escarpments, developed as a result of the increase in uplift rates that followed the Mid-Pleistocene Revolution (MPR). It is suggested that before this time, including during the Early Pleistocene, the modern Thame catchment and adjacent regions drained southeastward through the Chalk escarpment, but these small rivers lacked the erosional power to cut through the Chalk in pace with the faster uplift occurring in the early Middle Pleistocene, and so became diverted to the southwest, subparallel to the Chalk escarpment, to form the pre-Anglian ‘Greater Thame’ tributary of the Upper Thames. The post-MPR uplift is estimated to decrease northwestward from 90 m in the Middle Thames to 75 m near the Thame-Thames confluence and to 65 m upstream of Oxford. The post-Anglian (post-450 ka) component of uplift decreases northward from 33 m near the Thame-Thames confluence to an estimated ∼20 m in the Northampton area; the relative stability of the latter area makes feasible the proposed correlation between the Milton Sands and the pre-Anglian River Thame. Limited post-Anglian uplift in the Northampton area is also inferred from the upstream convergence of the terraces of the modern rivers Nene and Great Ouse. These observed lateral variations in vertical crustal motions reflect lateral variations in crustal properties (including heat flow, crustal thickness, and thickness of underplating at the base of the crust) that are known independently. This study thus provides, for the first time, an integrated explanation of the Pleistocene drainage development across a large region of central-southern England.     

青藏高原东南缘大凉山新生代隆升建造过程——多封闭系统低温热年代学与热模型限制

长波长、低起伏度大凉山构造带新生代隆升剥露与建造过程是解译青藏高原东向扩展过程的关键核心地区之一.本文基于大凉山构造带喜德剖面和沐川剖面9件样品的多封闭系统低温热年代学年龄(即磷灰石(U-Th)/He(AHe)、磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)和锆石(U-Th)/He(ZHe))定年,揭示出多封闭系统热年代学年龄与古岩性柱深度具有明显的正相关性,即伴随古岩性柱深度增大,多封闭系统热年代学年龄明显减小.喜徳剖面多封闭系统低温热年代学AHe、AFT和ZHe年龄值分别为7-9 Ma、14-22 Ma和25-38 Ma;沐川剖面多封闭系统低温热年代学AHe和AFT年龄值分别为10-26 Ma、23-85 Ma, ZHe年龄值为未完全退火年龄.多封闭系统热年代学和QTQt热史模拟揭示,大凉山构造带喜徳和沐川剖面岩性柱所有样品都经历大致相似的三阶段热演化过程,尤其是晚新生代快速隆升剥露阶段(30-20 Ma以来),其平均剥露速率分别为~0.15 mm·a-1和~0.20 mm·a-1,抬升剥露量分别为~3.0 km和~1.5 km.结合区域低温热年代学特征的大凉山构造带地表隆升动力学模型,揭示出重力均衡作用下地壳缩短与剥露作用(即构造隆升剥露机制)控制形成了现今大凉山造山带长波长、低起伏和高海拔地貌建造过程.     

Wave pressures and uplift forces on and scour around submarine pipeline in clayey soil

Experimental investigations are carried out on wave-induced pressures and uplift forces on a submarine pipeline (exposed, half buried and fully buried) in clayey soil of different consistency index both in regular and random waves. A study on scour under the pipeline resting on the clay bed is also carried out. It is found that the uplift force can be reduced by about 70%, if the pipeline is just buried in clay soil. The equilibrium scour depth below the pipeline is estimated as 42% of the pipe diameter for consistency index of 0.17 and is 34% of the pipe diameter for consistency index of 0.23. The results of the present investigations are compared with the results on sandy soil by Cheng and Liu (Appl. Ocean Res., 8(1986) 22) to acknowledge the benefit of cohesive soil in reducing the high pore pressure on buried pipeline compared to cohesionless soil.     

南黄海崂山隆起下石炭统和州组至下二叠统栖霞组储层预测

以叠前时间偏移地震资料为基础,采用相干体、蚂蚁体和储层综合响应的物性因子方法针对勘探程度较低的南黄海崂山隆起下石炭统和州组至下二叠统栖霞组碳酸盐岩进行储层预测。相干体、蚂蚁体预测结果表明,和州组至栖霞组发育多套储层,栖霞组储层裂缝发育和分布受断裂和构造挤压变形控制强烈,北部断裂带和南部挤压背斜区裂缝较为发育。储层综合响应的物性因子预测结果显示,和州组至栖霞组在南部地区的有利储层发育,主要集中在挤压背斜发育区和沿断裂带发育区。该储层的预测结果为崂山隆起有利目标区的评价提供了地质依据,同时该方法的应用对于南黄海的油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。     

渤东低凸起L3构造东营组含煤地层低渗储层特征及成因

渤东低凸起东营组储集层以低渗为特征,低渗成为制约该区东营组勘探的重要因素.通过多种分析测试方法,研究了渤东低凸起L3构造东营组低渗储集层特征,探讨了低渗储集层成因.L3构造东营组储集层砂岩溶蚀作用发育,斜长石含量低,碳酸盐胶结物含量低,高岭石含量高,石英加大明显.储集层主要以中孔低—特低渗为主,孔径小,连通差,吼道窄,排驱压力大.微量元素分析表明,研究区东营组沉积时为淡水环境;测井和岩心观察证实,地层中含多层碳质泥岩和煤层.早期腐殖酸的溶蚀作用,造成低温下不稳定的斜长石大量溶蚀,这些溶蚀孔隙在后期深埋过程中受压实和成岩作用影响被复杂化、细小化是储集层低渗的主要原因.早期碳酸盐胶结物少,岩石抗压实能力差也是储层低渗的重要原因.     

南黄海崂山隆起地震采集方法

南黄海盆地崂山隆起经历了多期构造运动,中生界地层几乎剥蚀殆尽,使得新生界底界存在高速屏蔽层,地震波能量难以下传,同时由于下伏中—古生界主要以碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩为主,反射系数小,导致南黄海崂山隆起深部中—古生界地震成像效果较差,信噪比低。为了提高地震波能量下传,改善深部地震成像效果,近几年在南黄海崂山隆起开展了较大气枪容量震源、长电缆地震采集方法。通过系统分析近几年崂山隆起地震采集参数,针对研究区中—古生界地质条件特征,结合实际地震资料效果进行论证分析,得出了适合南黄海崂山隆起的地震采集参数建议。