天津滨海新区浅层超软土加固技术现场对比试验

分析天津滨海新区浅层超软土加固处理存在的问题,提出常规方案、单排单管方案和单排单管加密方案。依托天津滨海新区某工程,开展现场对比试验。结合各种监测检测成果,对比分析3种方案加固效果,并提出进一步优化改进建议。工程实践表明,经过3种方案加固处理,吹填淤泥表层会形成具有一定强度和厚度的硬壳层,土体物理力学性质明显改善,均能满足后续吹填砂垫层和机械插板的施工要求。另外,单排单管方案和加密方案加固效果明显优于常规方案,尤其有利于硬壳层厚度的形成。从长远加固效果角度出发,单排单管方案及加密方案更可取。     

北京市不同土地利用方式下土壤铅的积累

通过对北京市菜地、稻田、果园、绿化地、麦地以及自然土壤等土地利用类型600个土壤的监测分析,探讨了不同土地利用方式对土壤铅积累的影响。研究结果表明,全部土壤样品中铅浓度的几何平均值为26.6 mg/kg,显著高于北京市土壤背景值 (24.6 mg/kg),呈现出明显的积累趋势。不同土地利用方式对土壤铅积累有明显影响,其中绿化地土壤的平均铅浓度最高,依次为果园、菜地、稻田、自然土壤,麦地平均铅浓度最低,绿化地土壤的铅浓度要显著高于除果园外的其他土地利用类型。果园土壤的铅浓度同样与其他大多数土地利用类型的土壤有较显著的差别。以基线值为标准,除自然土壤外,其他5种土地利用类型下均有不同程度的样品超标：果园超标率最高 (21.4%),其他分别为绿化地18.2%,菜地11.1%,稻田8.3%,麦地5.2%;样品总体的超标率为7.2%。从行政区域来看,城区土壤的铅浓度高于近郊区,近郊区要明显高于远郊区土壤,超标样点主要分布在昌平、朝阳、大兴、丰台、海淀、石景山区等城区或近郊区,因而土壤铅浓度有从城市中心区向外逐渐降低的趋势。在本研究中,大气沉降、垃圾填埋以及农药施用等人类活动可能是影响不同土地利用类型下土壤铅积累浓度的重要原因。     

冰后期最大海侵以来长江口潮波特性的变化

冰后期最大海侵时,现今长江三角洲地区为一巨大河口湾,研究古长江河口湾及其周围海域的潮波特性,并与现今长江口的进行对比,有助于深入了解长江三角洲形成发育的动力过程。根据冰后期最大海侵时古长江河口湾及其周围海域３５个计算站一个半日潮周期的潮位、潮流过程曲线得知,冰后期最大海侵时古长江河口 及其周围海域的潮波为驻波以及驻波－前进波混合型。此后,丰古长江河口被充填、长江口东进南移,长江口的潮波也逐渐转 变     

The equation of state of CaSiO3 perovskite to 108 GPa at 300 K

Pressure–volume measurements have been performed for CaSiO₃ perovskite to 108 GPa at 300 K using NaCl and argon pressure-transmitting media, and energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXD) in a diamond-anvil cell (DAC). By determining a parameter that is the product of the elastic anisotropy, S, and the uniaxial stress component, t, for each data point, we define the stress condition of the sample. For different points at the same pressure in a temperature-quenched sample, the St value can differ by as much as a factor of 5, indicating heterogeneity in the stress condition. This may be responsible for the large scatter of earlier P–V measurements in the DAC which in general used a large diameter X-ray beam. Also, the St value provides insight into the elastic anisotropy, S, of CaSiO₃ perovskite and platinum. The sign of S (positive) for CaSiO₃ perovskite agrees with first principles calculations but the magnitude may be inconsistent. A new compression curve at 300 K was obtained for CaSiO₃ perovskite by using those data points which represent the most nearly hydrostatic conditions. It is observed that the data points with high St values yield larger volumes than the points with small St values at a given pressure. By selecting the data points having low St values (St≤0.005), combining with lower pressure large volume press (LVP) measurements and fitting to third order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state (EOS), we find that CaSiO₃ perovskite is more compressible (V₀=45.58±0.05 ų, K_T0=236±4 GPa, and K_T0′=3.9±0.2 GPa) than suggested by previous studies. The density and bulk modulus of CaSiO₃ perovskite at lower mantle pressures and 300 K are 1–3% greater and 5–15% smaller, respectively, than found in previous studies. This study demonstrates that defining the stress state of the sample is crucial to obtain an accurate 300 K compression curve for unquenchable high-pressure phases.     

Crown fuel characteristics and carbon emission from Japanese red pine stands burned by crown fire in Mt. Palgong, South Korea

Carbon emissions from forest fires are considered an important factor of ecosystem carbon balance and global climate change. Carbon emissions from Japanese red pine stands (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) burned by crown fire were estimated at Mt. Palgong in Daegu Metropolitan City, and crown fuel characteristics, including crown bulk density, crown base height, and fuel moisture content of Japanese red pine, were analyzed. Total biomass combusted was calculated by subtracting the biomass of burned stands from that of unburned stands exhibiting similar stand structures and site environments. Ten trees in the unburned area and five trees in the burned area were cut by using direct harvesting techniques to estimate crown layer biomass. All biomass sampled was oven-dried and weighed. The dry weight ratios of stems, branches, and needles were 70%, 21%, and 9%, respectively. The available fuel load susceptible to combustion during the crown fire spread was equivalent to 55% of the crown layer biomass. The crown bulk density was 0.24 kg/ m 3 on average. The estimated amount of CO 2 was 23,454 kg CO 2 /ha for the crown layer. These results will be useful for calculating the amount of CO 2 emitted from forest fires and for developing a forest carbon model in P. densiflora forests.     

填土场地桩基负侧摩阻力设计计算方法试验研究

厚填土场地地基自身固结变形对桩基产生的负侧摩阻力不可忽视。依托实际工程现场监测资料,对厚填土场地的桩基负侧摩阻力的分布规律进行分析,提出了简化的负侧摩阻力沿轴向线性分布理论计算图及负侧摩阻力系数计算方法。通过与监测资料进行的对比分析,得到本工程填土场地基桩的负侧摩阻力系数为0.09～0.15,验证了所提出的计算方法的合理性,为以后类似场地地基桩基的合理设计提供参考依据和工程借鉴。     

柔性板桩板墙加固斜坡填方地基的土压力分配问题研究

通过对桩板墙挡土板的受力变形特征分析,指出桩间采用柔性挡土板时,作用于挡土板上的土压力相对较小。在对比分析拟化简仓法与卸荷拱法的基础上,针对当前挡土板土压力计算中存在的问题,对柔性板桩板墙加固斜坡填方地基展开试验研究,并重点研究桩前、桩后施工挡土板时墙后土压力的分布规律。通过对布置在挡土板上的位移计及预埋的土压力计进行监测,结果表明,挡土板布置在桩前时其挠曲变形及承受的土压力值较小,且桩间土拱效应更易得到发挥。挡土板上土压力自上而下多呈抛物线型分布,而作用于桩背侧的土压力分布相对复杂。通过对桩后布置挡土板的土压力分布规律进行为期21 d的监测,研究了土压力变化的时间效应。     

压实填土地基承载力深度修正系数研究

软弱土层上的压实填土地基作为一种非均质地基广泛应用,但目前关于这种地基的破坏模式和承载力机制的研究还不够深入,工程中仍采用现行规范深度修正系数取值为2的方式进行设计。采用有限差分方法建立数值模型,研究了影响压实填土地基承载力深度修正系数的因素,并与现行规范推荐方法的取值进行对比。结果表明：填土越深、基础外超载越大,参与地基剪切破坏运动的土体体积越大,地基极限承载力越高;而随着填土宽度的增大,地基极限承载力先提高,后趋于稳定;砂土内摩擦角的增大也会提高地基极限承载力。总体来说,规范中的推荐值是偏于保守的,会造成承载力的浪费;而在下卧层强度很小、填土深度较大时该推荐值可能高估压实填土地基承载力,存在偏于不安全的可能,在工程设计时应予以考虑。     

高粘性高盐量吹填土固结过程孔隙分维特征

真空预压处理吹填土地基的方法应用广泛,但塑料排水管经常会被吹填土细颗粒堵塞。为提高吹填土造陆效率,通过室内试验,研究了高粘性高盐量吹填土在自重沉淤和加负压联合作用下的固结规律,分析了吹填土取土点的工程地质特征。用易溶盐试验和X射线衍射分析方法确定吹填土中晶体的类型,并结合自重固结不同阶段的扫描电子显微镜微观结构照片,研究吹填土含盐量对排水效果的影响,总结高粘性高盐量吹填土固结排水时渗流通道变化规律。研究发现,随着吹填土含水量降低,晶体颗粒随水流失,渗流通道则处于不断变化的非稳定状态。同时,将分维数作为研究高粘性高盐量吹填土的微观结构指标,发现随着自重固结程度的增加,高粘性高盐量吹填土含水量减少,颗粒表面吸附能力下降,晶体颗粒逐渐脱离土颗粒表面,使土体孔隙和结构单元体颗粒发生规律性变化。