Nucleus properties of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko estimated from non-gravitational force modeling

By considering model comet nuclei with a wide range of sizes, prolate ellipsoidal shapes, spin axis orientations, and surface activity patterns, constraints have been placed on the nucleus properties of the primary Rosetta target, Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. This is done by requiring that the model bodies simultaneously reproduce the empirical nucleus rotational lightcurve, the water production rate as function of time, and non-gravitational changes (per apparition) of the orbital period (ΔP), longitude of perihelion (Δ?), and longitude of the ascending node (ΔΩ). Two different thermophysical models are used in order to calculate the water production rate and non-gravitational force vector due to nucleus outgassing of the model objects. By requiring that the nominal water production rate measurements are reproduced as well as possible, we find that the semi-major axis of the nucleus is close to 2.5 km, the nucleus axis ratio is approximately 1.4, while the spin axis argument is either 60°±15° or 240°±15°. The spin axis obliquity can only be preliminarily constrained, indicating retrograde rotation for the first argument value, and prograde rotation for the second suggested spin axis argument. A nucleus bulk density in the range 100-370 kg m⁻³ is found for the nominal ΔP, while an upper limit of 500 kg m⁻³ can be placed if the uncertainty in ΔP is considered. Both considered thermophysical models yield the same spin axis, size, shape, and density estimates. Alternatively, if calculated water production rates within an envelope around the measured data are considered, it is no longer possible to constrain the size, shape, and spin axis orientation of the nucleus, but an upper limit on the nucleus bulk density of 600 kg m⁻³ is suggested.     

The Chandra X-ray Observatory: An Astronomical Facility Available to the World

The Chandra X-ray observatory, one of NASA’s “Great Observatories,” provides high angular and spectral resolution X-ray data which is freely available to all. In this review I describe the instruments on Chandra along with their current calibration, as well as the Chandra proposal system, the freely-available Chandra analysis software package CIAO, and the Chandra archive. As Chandra is in its 6th year of operation, the archive already contains calibrated observations of a large range of X-ray sources. The Chandra X-ray Center is committed to assisting astronomers from any country who wish to use data from the archive or propose for observations.     

区间值直观模糊集的直积与相关性

在区间值直观模糊集上定义新的算子,给出这些关系与算子之间的一些重要性质,并讨论了区间值直观模糊集的相关性问题.     

GIS空间数据拓扑运算在房产测绘中的应用及实现

房屋外半墙面积是房屋分摊面积的重要组成部分,其精度高低直接影响房产测绘成果数据的实用性。该文以自主开发的房产测绘软件平台作为依托,依据GIS空间数据拓扑运算对房产测绘中的相关数据进行处理,设计出一种仅由矢量数据参与空间数据拓扑运算的技术路线,巧妙地规避了房屋外半墙面积计算中的一般性及特殊性问题,提高了工作效率,节省了作业时间,更重要的是提高了面积测算精度,取得了良好的运算效果。     

Characterization of organic matter in marine sediments to estimate age offset of bulk radiocarbon dating

Radiocarbon dating of Arctic marine sediment is often challenging due to the low availability of calcareous fossils. Consequently, bulk organic matter dating has at times been used to establish sediment core chronologies. Yet, radiocarbon dates based on bulk organic matter often appear to deviate vastly from dates based on fossils, mainly caused by input of allochthounous carbon, including terrigenous organic matter. In this study, we aim to examine the link between the composition of the bulk organic matter and the age offsets between the bulk radiocarbon dates and those obtained from calcareous foraminiferal tests. All samples are taken from the marine sediment core AMD14-204C from offshore Upernavik (eastern Baffin Bay). The radiocarbon dates for bulk organic matter are on average ∼3000 years older than the radiocarbon dates based on foraminifera, but with changing age offsets throughout the record. To investigate the cause of this age offset and its variations over time, we applied core scanning, X-ray Fluorescence analysis, stable isotopes, organic pyrolysis and microscopic organic petrology to examine the distribution and characterization of the organic matter. The results show that the older organic matter includes clastic input of reworked sedimentary rocks potentially originating from West Greenland and/or the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Changes in the input of contemporary marine algal produced organic matter versus both terrigenous input and reworked ancient organic matter appear to control the age offsets between the bulk and foraminifera dates. A low Hydrogen Index and low δ¹³C_org values together with a high Oxygen Index, indicative of high influence of terrigenous organic matter, seem to correspond to samples with the largest age offsets; 1000–2000 years greater than in other samples. To examine the cause of the variations in the age offsets, a new quantification of the autochthonous organic matter as a fraction of the TOC was calculated. This shows that samples with the largest age offsets contained the lowest fraction (as low as ∼12%) of autochthonous organic matter in the TOC.     

Influencing factors and significance of organic and inorganic nitrogen isotopic compositions in lacustrine sedimentary rocks

Comprehensive nitrogen biogeochemical cycle has been reconstructed for representative lacustrine organic-rich sedimentary rock in China, namely the Triassic Yanchang Formation (YF, 199–230 Ma) in Ordos and the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation (QF, 86–92 Ma) in Songliao basins, by evaluating the organic and inorganic nitrogen isotopic compositions rather than only organic or bulk nitrogen isotopic compositions. The results indicate that the nitrogen isotope values of bulk rock (δ¹⁵N_bulk) in the non-metamorphic stage are significantly different from that of kerogen, which challenge the conceptual framework of sedimentary nitrogen isotope interpretation. The δ¹⁵N_bulk from the YF and QF were lower than their respective the nitrogen isotope values of kerogen (δ¹⁵N_ker), with offsets up to ～5.1‰, which have the inverse relationship for the metamorphosed rock. Thermal evolution did not significantly modify the δ¹⁵N of bulk rock and kerogen. The δ¹⁵N of sediments from the YF (δ¹⁵N_bulk, 1.6‰–5.6‰) were lower than that of rock from the QF (δ¹⁵N_bulk, 10.2‰–15.3‰). The nitrogen isotope values of silicate incorporated nitrogen (δ¹⁵N_sil) were slightly lower than those of the δ¹⁵N_ker in the YF and obviously lower for the QF. The fact that different nitrogen cycles occur in the YF and QF due to the different depositional redox conditions leads to different isotopic results. The YF water environment dominated by oxic conditions is not conducive to the occurrence of denitrification and anammox, and no abundant N₂ loss leads to the relatively light δ¹⁵N_bulk. In the stratified water for the QF, redox transition zone promotes denitrification and anammox, resulting in the heavy δ¹⁵N_bulk of rock and promotes the DNRA, resulting in heavy δ¹⁵N_ker and low δ¹⁵N_sil.     

一种空间分布模式驱动的空间索引

支持批量操作的空间索引中,空间数据的分解粒度、局部更新操作的整体影响处理是两个主要难点。本文基于空间分布模式分析,提出了一种空间索引——Pattern-tree。针对批量操作的粒度问题,设计了一种基于空间分布模式探测的空间划分方法,采用一种自上而下与自下而上相结合的索引树构建算法;针对局部插入操作对索引树的整体影响与索引树的调整问题,提出了一种基于空间分布模式变化检测的索引更新方法。试验表明,本文所提出的空间索引结构比STLT、GBI以及SCB等方法具有更高的构建与窗口查询效率。     

文本视图显示及信息拖动换行技术

在文本视窗领域,数据是实时变化、实时更新的,需要经常对外部设备采集到的数据进行查看、操作。本文采用了更好的文本视图显示方式,并且对信息拖动换行技术进行了研究;使文本视图在数据不断更新的情况下,使数据视图操作成为可能。基于最新的VC窗口显示机制,实现了数据的拖动换行等操作。使重要信息可以突出标识,文本数据观察变得简洁、醒目,可操作性强,在文本数据视图的显示方面,取得了良好的效果。     

冲填软土地基深层加固的优化方案分析

冲填软土地基需要经过地基处理后才能投入工程使用,处理方案一般为浅层地基处理如真空预压处理,但对于大面积大荷载堆载场地,浅层地基处理不足以保证地基稳定性,需进一步做深层地基加固。本文针对广州某造船基地大面积堆载场地,对经真空预压处理后的该类深厚冲填软土地基提出了搅拌桩地基、微型桩地基以及搅拌桩微型桩交错布设地基加固方案,并基于Biot固结理论和有效应力原理,采用有限元分析软件PLAXIS进行数值模拟,对土体选取基于修正剑桥模型的软土模型和Mohr-Coulomb模型,对搅拌桩和微型桩依次选取线弹性模型和弹性模型,计算得到不同加固方案的基础沉降量。基于不同桩型加固机理对计算结果进行进一步分析得出,对此类深厚冲填软土地基,相同桩长的搅拌桩地基加固效果较微型桩效果更明显; 另通过对不同桩长搅拌桩地基加固效果的模拟计算,发现桩长为10m到15m的搅拌桩均能有效加固地基,但随着桩长的增加,加固效果未能显著提高。本研究为冲填软土地基深层加固的设计提供了一定的依据。     

沿海厚吹填土地层桩基缩径的控制研究

根据现场桩基成孔缩径情况和成孔检测资料,并依据工程勘察报告技术参数,分析了沿海厚吹填土地层钻孔灌注桩缩径原因,以及缩径时间与缩径量之间的对应关系,提出了解决厚层吹填土缩径的方法,一是通过添加膨润土或添加剂,增加泥浆的密度等技术指标,以改善泥浆的固壁性能;另外扩径是另一行之有效的手段,准确控制扩径量尤为重要。通过现场成孔试验及施工资料,比对分析缩径量与时间的对应关系,找出缩径规律,相对准确地得出需要扩径量,为实际工程施工提供参考依据。