Non-gravitational force modeling of Comet 81P/Wild 2: I. A nucleus bulk density estimate

The nucleus of Comet 81P/Wild 2 is modeled by assuming various smooth triaxial ellipsoidal or irregular body shapes, having different rotational periods, spin axis orientations, and thermophysical properties. For these model nuclei, a large number of surface activity patterns (e.g., maps of active and inactive areas) are studied, and in each case the resulting water production rate and non-gravitational force vector versus time are calculated. By requiring that the model nuclei simultaneously reproduce certain properties of the empirical water production curve and non-gravitational changes of the orbit (focusing on changes of the orbital period and in the longitude of perihelion), constraints are placed on several properties of the nucleus. The simulations suggest that the mass of Comet 81P/Wild 2 is , resulting in a rather low bulk density, (depending on the assumed nucleus volume), and that the nucleus rotation is prograde rather than retrograde. The active area fraction is difficult to constrain, but at most 60% of the nucleus is likely to have near-surface ice.     

数字地图制图中多源数据(资料)的综合应用

探讨了数字地图制图中多源数据综合应用的技术方法,主要内容包括多源数据(资料)的分类、分析与评价;数据获取和基本的处理方法.最后介绍了利用TM影像、全国公路网GPS测量数据和数字海图等几种数据源制作1:25万协同图的相关情况.     

Harmful routines? Uncertainty in science and conflicting views on routine petroleum operations in Norway

Offshore petroleum activities are the focus of highly politicised debates globally. Typically, public debate is sparked by catastrophic events, such as the 2010 oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, and decision-making processes fuelled by the assessment of ‘worst-case scenarios’. However, everyday ‘routine’ petroleum operations also impact the marine ecosystems and adjoining socio-economic sectors, but the extent and severity of the impacts are uncertain. This paper takes as its point of departure routine operations and their surrounding uncertainties. Particularly, it focuses on the debates of whether to extend routine petroleum operations in vulnerable and valuable parts of Norway, such as the Lofoten area and the Sula Ridge. These conflicts draw on important and for some, epistemological uncertainties that surround the impacts of routine operations. The paper argues that it is necessary to first highlight these uncertainties, rather than marginalise them, and second, recognise that uncertainties are not simply a scientific challenge, but can be a powerful political tool. This paper unpacks and explores uncertainties associated with three phases of routine operations, that are used to steer political actions: (i) the impacts of seismic surveys on fish and marine mammals; (ii) the impacts of drilling mud and drill cuttings on benthic communities such as deep-sea coral reefs; and (iii) the impacts of produced water on the marine environment. The paper discusses the importance of transparency in addressing these uncertainties, and emphasises the need to implement the precautionary principle in a more participatory way. It thus proposes participatory exercises in order to allow the recognition of the epistemological nature of uncertainties.     

Quantifying groundwater dependency of riparian surface hydrologic features using the exit gradient

Numerical groundwater flow models necessarily are limited to subsurface flow evaluation. It is of interest, however, to examine the possibility that, for unconfined aquifer systems, they could be used to proportionately measure the magnitude of seepage they estimate when these aquifers intersect the landscape surface. Our goal in this study was to determine the degree to which an unconfined groundwater model can estimate run‐off or seepage at the land surface during winter time wet season conditions, as well as in the dry season, when evapotranspiration is a major part of the water balance, using a lowland basin‐fill example study area in the Pacific Northwest. The exit gradient is a metric describing the potential for vertical seepage at the landscape surface. We investigated the spatial relationship of mapped surface features, such as wetlands, streams and ponds, to the model‐predicted mapped exit gradient. We found that areas mapped as wetlands had positive exit gradients. During the wet season, modelled exit gradients predicted seepage throughout extensive areas of the groundwater shed, extending far beyond mapped wetland areas (355% increase), associated with previously observed increases in nitrate‐nitrogen in streams in wet season. During the dry season, exit gradients spatially corresponded with wetland areas. The increase in in‐stream nitrogen corresponds with shorter residence times in carbon‐rich wetland zones because of the onset of saturation overland flow. We present results that suggest that the exit gradient could be a useful concept in examining the groundwater–surface water linkage that is often under represented physically in watershed flow models. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

城市陆面模式设计及检验

针对城市冠层模式(Urban Canopy Model,UCM)的各种局限性,本文首次提出整体城市陆面模式(Bulk Urbanized Land Surface Model,BULSM)的概念,即在现有先进的陆面模式的基础上直接构建城市陆面模式。本文在通用陆面模式(Common Land Model,CoLM)基础上构建整体城市陆面模式,根据城市的特点对CoLM进行了发展和重新参数化。模式采用高分辨率地表分类数据;改进了模式的地表能量平衡方程与水分平衡方程;对反照率、城市地表粗糙度、城市大气廓线、城市人为热、不透水面水分蒸发及积水深度等进行了重新参数化。模式保留了CoLM在自然下垫面的全部特性,加强了CoLM在城市或人为下垫面的模拟和预报能力。区域验证以及与CoLM对比结果表明整体城市陆面模式模拟结果能够显示出北京城区各参数的空间精细化分布情况,能够反映出地表分类对模拟结果的影响。单站点验证以及与CoLM和高分辨率城市陆面同化系统(u-HRLDAS)对比结果表明整体城市陆面模式地表温度模拟结果与CoLM相比有很大提高;和u-HRLDAS相比大部分站点地表温度模拟结果也有一定的改进。     

陕焦化甲醇生产项目雷击风险评估

为了使人工增雨更有针对性,需要在作业方案制定阶段就对未来影响天气系统有一个明确的判断,需要总结出一套适合山西省进行人工增雨作业的天气概念模型。为此,普查了1991年-2000年欧亚范围高空及地面天气图,筛选出影响山西省并产生降水的天气系统,加以分析归纳,建立了4种有利于山西省人工增雨作业的天气概念模型,即西风槽型、东北冷涡型、切变线型及副高型,并分别给出了未来12h～24h影响山西省的警戒区及最佳人工增雨作业区。     

阿尔金断裂带西段莫勒切河河口阶地的构造及气候意义

通过对阿尔金断裂带西段莫勒切河河口附近卫星影像解译、野外调查测量及地貌面样品年龄测定,利用宽谷阶地、堆积阶地获取构造隆升速率、构造变形方式及加积速率,并结合区域气候资料探讨该区阶地发育对气候变化的响应.莫勒切河出山口发育4级阶地(T<‘4>,T<‘3>,T<‘2>,T<‘1>),其中T<‘4>、T<‘3>为宽谷阶地,T...     

堆载预压下天津滨海吹填土的固结特性

吹填造陆已成为沿海地区解决土地匮乏的有效方法。为使吹填土迅速排水固结以缩短工期,以天津滨海新区的吹填土为研究对象,在无外力自重固结下,通过静水沉降以及室内试验等方法研究吹填土的基本性质和沉降特征,并对固结度、沉降速率进行定量分析,评价吹填土的固结程度,得出天津吹填土的固结和沉降特性。结果表明: 等幅水头逐级加压在一定程度上有效地抑制了低渗透性土体即“泥皮”的形成; 当水头高度为45 cm 时,土体固结度接近100%; 距离排水管越近,固结情况愈好; 堆积荷载增大,渗流速率变小,土体趋向固结。     

真空预压法加固吹填土的模型箱试验

大连大窑湾三期工程所处理的土体为含水率＞ 120% 的超软土。为研究超软土的处理方法,采用袋装沙井、滤膜等效孔径80 ～ 100 μm 和孔径＜ 75 μm 的3 种排水体,0. 4 m 及0. 8 m 的2 种排水间距,共计6 个试验箱进行真空预压法试验研究。通过对表面沉降形态进行沉降优化计算,采用3 种模型进行沉降预测,结合监测与计算结果,认为排水体间距为0. 4 m、等效孔径≤75 μm 的国产B 型排水板效果最佳。     

Relationships between high‐magnitude relative sea‐level changes and filling of a coarse‐grained submarine canyon (Pleistocene,Ionian Calabria,Southern Italy)

A middle Pleistocene coarse‐grained canyon fill succession (the Serra Mulara Formation) crops out in the northern sector of the Crotone Basin, a forearc basin located on the Ionian side of the Calabrian Arc and active from the Serravallian to middle Pleistocene. This succession is an example of coarse‐grained submarine canyon fill, which consists of a north‐west to south‐east elongated body (4·25 km long and up to 1·5 km wide) laterally confined by a deep‐water clayey and silty succession and located behind the modern Neto delta (north of Crotone). The thickness of the unit reaches 178 m. The lower part of the canyon fill is dominated by gravelly to sandy density‐flow deposits containing abundant bivalve and gastropod fragments, passing upward into a succession composed of metre‐scale to decimetre‐scale density‐flow deposits forming sandstone–mudstone couplets. Sandstone deposits are mostly structureless and planar‐laminated, whereas the clayey layers record hemipelagic deposition during quieter phases. This succession is overlain by another composed of thicker structureless sandstones alternating with layers of interlaminated mudstones and sandstones, which contain leaf remnants and fresh water ostracods, and are linked directly to river floods. The canyon fill is overlain by gravelly to sandy continental deposits recording a later stage of emergence. Facies analysis, together with micropalaeontological data from the hemipelagic units, suggests that the studied canyon fill records, firstly, a progressive gravel material cut‐off during deposition due to an overall relative sea‐level rise, leading to a progressive increase in the entrapment of sediment in fluvial to shallow‐marine systems, and secondly, a generalized relative sea‐level lowering. This trend probably reflects high‐magnitude glacio‐eustatic changes combined with the regional uplift of the region, ultimately leading to emergence.