饱和红层泥岩填料累积变形特性及安定界限研究

最优含水率下红层泥岩作为高速铁路路基填料的适用性已经在西南地区得到了初步验证,但饱和状态下红层泥岩填料的累积变形特性仍不明确。为此,开展了不同围压及动应力下饱和红层泥岩填料的动三轴试验,讨论了围压和动应力对填料累积变形特性的影响。结果表明：不同动应力幅值下,饱和红层泥岩填料的等效模量随振次增加,先迅速减小后趋于稳定。稳定后填料的等效模量具有应力水平相关性,随围压增大而增大,随动应力比增大而呈指数减小。不同动应力幅值下,填料变形可分为塑性稳定型、塑性蠕变型和增量破坏型3种类型。填料应变随振次增加而不再处于稳定阶段的应力状态定为塑性稳定界限应力状态。动应力进一步增加后,填料应变速率发生突增,对应的应力状态为塑性蠕变界限应力状态;塑性稳定与塑性蠕变界限应力状态对应的动应力比均低于静强度,且随围压增加呈指数衰减的规律。基床表层如用红层泥岩作填料,应考虑降雨的影响,并采取排水和改良措施以提高路基稳定性。     

Dating basal peat: The geochronology of peat initiation revisited

Attributing the start of peat growth to an absolute timescale requires dating the bottom of peat deposits overlying mineral sediment, often called the basal peat. Peat initiation is reflected in the stratigraphy as a gradual transition from mineral sediment to increasingly organic material, up to where it is called peat. So far, varying criteria have been used to define basal peat, resulting in divergent approaches to date peat initiation. The lack of a universally applicable and quantitative definition, combined with multiple concerns that have been raised previously regarding the radiocarbon dating of peat, may result in apparent ages that are either too old or too young for the timing of peat initiation. Here, we aim to formulate updated recommendations for dating peat initiation. We provide a conceptual framework that supports the use of the organic matter (OM) gradient for a quantitative and reproducible definition of the mineral-to-peat transition (i.e., the stratigraphical range reflecting the timespan of the peat initiation process) and the layer defined as basal peat (i.e., the stratigraphical layer that is defined as the bottom of a peat deposit). Selection of dating samples is often challenging due to poor preservation of plant macrofossils in basal peat, and the representativity of humic and humin dates for the age of basal peat is uncertain. We therefore analyse the mineral-to-peat transition based on three highly detailed sequences of radiocarbon dates, including dates of plant macrofossils and the humic and humin fractions obtained from bulk samples. Our case study peatland in the Netherlands currently harbours a bog vegetation, but biostratigraphical analyses show that during peat initiation the vegetation was mesotrophic. Results show that plant macrofossils provide the most accurate age in the mineral-to-peat transition and are therefore recommendable to use for ¹⁴C dating basal peat. If these are unattainable, the humic fraction provides the best alternative and is interpreted as a terminus-ante-quem for peat initiation. The potential large age difference between dates of plant macrofossils and humic or humin dates (up to ∼1700 years between macrofossil and humic ages, and with even larger differences for humins) suggests that studies reusing existing bulk dates of basal peat should take great care in data interpretation. The potentially long timespan of the peat initiation process (with medians of ∼1000, ∼1300 and ∼1500 years within our case study peatland) demonstrates that choices regarding sampling size and resolution need to be well substantiated. We summarise our findings as a set of recommendations for dating basal peats, and advocate the widespread use of OM determination to obtain a low-cost, quantitative and reproducible definition of basal peat that eases intercomparison of studies.     

延安新区大厚度压实填土地基均匀性评价

延安新区大厚度压实填土由于其形成过程的特殊性,现行规范对其地基均匀性评价无具体的评价依据和判定准则。在研究了压实填土的工程性质和差异沉降影响因素的基础上,创新性地提出压实填土地基差异沉降敏感度概念,并给出了具体的地基均匀性判定方法,便于进行压实填土地基均匀性评价,为建筑物总平面布置、地基处理及基础设计提供依据。大厚度压实填土不均匀地基不仅应进行针对性的地基处理,还应采取必要的结构措施,并加强建筑物沉降观测,以进行长期深入研究。     

一种利用TM影像自动提取细小水体的方法

提出一种利用TM影像自动提取山区细小水体的多波段谱间关系改进方法。该方法在典型谱间关系法的基础上,针对水体与阴影在蓝绿光波段亮度值降低速率差异较大的特征,基于差值运算,构建了新的多波段谱间关系水体提取模型。首先利用该模型将水体从其他地物及阴影中分离出来,然后基于数学形态学膨胀滤波算法进行空洞填充和短线连接,最后通过图像细化算法实现目标的细化。经过实验比较表明,该方法克服了许多水体提取模型只能有效提取较大面积水体的缺点,除了能够对山区的细小水体进行高精度自动提取外,还能够有效地去除阴影等干扰信息。     

The character and age structure of valley fills in upper Wolumla Creek catchment,south coast,New South Wales,Australia

Extensive valley fills at the base of the escarpment in upper Wolumla Creek, on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia, have formed from a combination of ‘cut and fill’ processes. The valley fills comprise series of alternating, horizontally bedded sand and mud units, reflecting reworking of detritus from deeply weathered granites of the Bega Batholith. Sand units are deposited as sand sheets or splays on floodplain surfaces or in floodouts that form atop intact valley fill surfaces downstream of discontinuous gullies. Alternatively, sands are deposited from bedload and form bars or part of the valley floor within channel fills. Organic-rich mud units are deposited from suspension in swamps or in seepage zones at the distal margin of floodouts. Within 5 km of the escarpment, valley deposits grade downstream from sand sheet and splay deposition in floodouts, to mud deposition in swamp and seepage zones. Radiocarbon dates indicate that virtually the entire valley fill of upper Wolumla Creek was excavated prior to 6000 years BP . Remnant terraces are evident at valley margins. The valley subsequently filled between 6000 years BP and 1000 years BP producing valley fills around 12 m deep, but no greater than 300 m wide. Reincision into the valley fill, on a scale smaller than the present incision phase, is indicated at around 1000 years BP , following which the channel refilled. Portion plans dated from 1865 refer to the study area as ‘Wolumla Big Flat’, and show large areas of swampy terrain, suggesting that the valley fill had re-established by this time. Within a few decades of European settlement the valley fill incised once more. Upper Wolumla Creek now has a channel over 10 m deep and 100 m wide in places, draining a catchment area of less than 20 km². © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influences of retrogressive erosion of reservoir on sedimentation of its downstream river channel——A case study on Sanmenxia Reservoir and the Lower Yellow River

Retrogressive erosion, a widespread phenomenon of sediment transport in reservoirs, often impacts on both the reservoir capacity and the sedimentation in the downstream river channel. Based on field data from the Sanmenxia Reservoir and the Lower Yellow River over the past decades, three courses of ret-rogressive erosion with distinctive features were analyzed. The results indicate that retrogressive erosion, especially caused by rapid reduction in the water level till the reservoir is empty, often results in the serious siltation of the lower Yellow River and threatens the safety of the flood control in the Lower Yellow River. Unreasonable operation of the reservoir and incoming hyperconcentrated floods accom-panied by retrogressive erosion also aggravate the siltation of the main channel of the river. However, a reasonable operation mode of the reservoir so named"storing the clear (low sediment concentration) water in the non–flood season, and sluicing the muddy(high sediment concentration) water in the flood season" was found, which might mitigate the deposition in both the reservoir and the Lower Yellow River. This operation mode provides important experience for the design and operation of large reser-voirs in other large rivers carrying huge amounts of sediment.     

Distribution,age, and origin of a submarine landslide deposit in the Pleistocene Kiwada Formation,forearc basin fill on the Boso Peninsula,east‐central Japan: Constraints from tephro‐ and biostratigraphy

A mass‐transport deposit named MTD1 (up to 100 m in thickness) is intercalated in the upper Kiwada Formation, a Pleistocene forearc basin fill on the Boso Peninsula, east‐central Japan. The present study aims to examine the origin, age, and distribution of MTD1. MTD1 consists mainly of mudstone blocks containing thin very fine‐ to medium‐grained sandstones, and ranges from tens of centimeters to more than tens of meters in length and thickness. Correlation of marker tuff beds and application of the biostratigraphy of calcareous nannofossils suggest that the blocks in MTD1 were derived from the underlying strata. The total thickness of the stratified blocks from the different stratigraphic horizons exceeds 60 m, implying that MTD1 originated from deeply‐excavated slope failure. The slope failure occurred in a short time interval at ca 1.3 Ma. MTD1 provides an estimate of the height of the escarpment on the basis of the stratigraphic origin of the blocks.     

Freshwater flow to the San Francisco Bay‐Delta estuary over nine decades (Part 2): Change attribution

This paper explains observed trends in freshwater flow to the San Francisco Bay‐Delta estuary as reported in a companion paper (Hutton, Rath, & Roy, 2017 ). We employ a historical hydrologic record spanning nine decades and define a set of idealized flow scenarios to identify drivers of change in delta outflow and consequent salinity regime. Flow changes are measured against a baseline scenario representing 1920‐level land use and water management conditions. Additional scenarios are defined to represent the system absent state and federal water project reservoir and export operations, absent key non‐project reservoir operations, and absent historically‐observed sea level rise. These scenarios, in conjunction with the principle of superposition, are used to ascribe outflow and salinity trends to different anthropogenic and natural causes. We find that project and non‐project water management are attributed similar responsibility for decreasing outflow trends in April and May and consequent increasing spring salinity trends. In contrast, we find that increasing July and August outflow trends (and lagged decreasing salinity trends) are attributed to flow contributions from project water management; these contributions more than fully attenuate impacts associated with non‐project water management.     

Probabilistic downtime estimation for sequential marine operations

A marine project consists of series of operations, with each operation subject to a predefined operational limit and duration. If actual weather conditions exceed the operational limit, the operation cannot be executed and hence downtime occurs. An accurate assessment of uncertainties and the expected downtime during a marine project is important in the tender and execution phase. This paper proposes a new probabilistic model for downtime estimation. It utilizes linked Markov chains that use actual metocean conditions to produce binary workability sequences for each operation. Synthetic time-series can be generated based on the statistics of the past observations and more project simulations are realizable, reducing the simulation uncertainty. The capabilities and limitations of the proposed approach are illustrated in a case study for a hypothetical project in the Tasman Sea.