Estimation of shear wave velocity of earth dam materials using artificial blasting test

The objective of this study is to estimate the shear wave velocity of earth dam materials using the vibration generated from artificial blasting events, and to verify its applicability. In this study, near-field artificial blast testing and monitoring were carried out at the Seongdeok dam, Korea, as the first blasting tests to be carried out on an existing dam in Korea. Vibrations were induced by four different types of blasting, using various explosive charge weights and depths of blasting bore-holes. During the tests, acceleration time histories were measured at the rock outcrop adjacent to the point of the explosion, and at the crest of the dam. The fundamental frequency of the target dam was computed from the frequency analysis of measured acceleration histories. Numerical analyses were carried out, varying the shear modulus of the earth fill zone and using the acceleration histories measured at the rock outcrop as input ground motions. From a comparison between the fundamental frequencies calculated by numerical analyses and those of measured records, the shear wave velocities with depth, which are closely related to shear moduli, could be estimated. It is found that the effect of different blasting types on shear wave velocity estimation for the target dam materials is negligible, and that shear wave velocity can be consistently evaluated. Furthermore, by comparing the evaluated shear wave velocity with empirical formulae from previous research, the applicability of the method was verified. Therefore, in cases of mid-to-small earth dams, where the earthquake record is not available, the shear wave velocity of earth fill materials can be reasonably evaluated using blasting vibration records obtained at the site adjacent to the dam.     

Numerical prediction of gas migration properties in Callovo‐Oxfordian (COx) argillite using morpho‐mathematical operations

The feasibility study of long‐term radioactive waste storage in low‐permeable rocks has been performed by considering various damage and failure scenarios. This study aims at the numerical investigation of gas (mainly produced by corrosion of metallic parts) migration properties through the low‐permeable formation of Callovo‐Oxfordian argillite. Traditional methods, based on macroscopic approaches or homogeneous transport properties, are inappropriate to analyze this issue at the mesoscopic/microscopic scale. In this study, realistic porous space morphologies are constructed through union of excursions of random fields considering different experimental pore size distributions. Afterwards, purely geometric analysis of pore space is conducted by morpho‐mathematical operations for the purpose of the extraction of preferential gas transport pathways and the prediction of the gas entry pressure, the gas breakthrough pressure, and the following imbibition process.     

吹填土强夯加排水地基处理的数值分析与应用

强夯加排水地基处理方法是近年来发展的一种地基处理技术,在吹填土地基处理方面得到了广泛应用。根据强夯能量耗散分析与土体密实机制,基于冲击荷载作用下孔隙水压力的发展模式,建立了强夯加排水地基处理的数值分析模型,并采用有限差分法进行了求解。采用编写的数值程序分析了强夯过程中超孔隙水压力的发展与土体密实效果,以及土体渗透系数、单击时间间隔以及砂井间距等对加固效果的影响,讨论了“重锤少夯”和“轻锤多夯”的差异,并与工程实例进行了比较。研究结果表明,建立的数值模型可以模拟强夯加排水地基处理的施工过程,较好地反映强夯过程中孔隙水压力的发展变化规律和加固效果。排水措施的设置有利于超孔隙水压力消散和加固深部土体,进而提高土体加固效果和缩短工期。最后,根据数值分析结果,提出了强夯加排水地基处理的合理设计建议。     

隐伏逆冲断层上填方路基加固措施与变形破坏模式探究

试验路基以云贵铁路某填方路基为原型,试验路堤底部宽L=60 cm,路堤顶部宽l=10 cm,路堤高h=15 cm,采用室内模型试验研究了4组减震措施在逆冲断层作用下填方路基的变形响应。第1组是把路堤直接坐落在地基上,这组试验也是一组基本试验,其他试验组的试验结果可与该组试验结果进行对比;第2组是在路堤底部铺设一层土工格栅;第3组是在路堤中部和底部各铺设一层土工格栅;第4组是在路堤底部黏土层中打入预制的CFG桩,同时在路堤底部和中部各铺设一层土工格栅。试验中利用分离式位移计和百分表记录路堤的变形数据,通过对数据的处理分析研究路堤在不同加固措施下的变形破坏模式,研究结果表明：（1）在4组模型中,路基破坏主要是路堤本身产生了斜45°的裂缝;（2）在底部基岩错动量小于路堤高度13.6%时,路堤中加入两层土工格栅达到的减震效果最佳;当基岩错动量在路堤高度13.6%～20.5%之间时,CFG桩与路堤中加入两层土工格栅的减震措施最有效;（3）随着减震措施的加强,断层位移在地层中传播的角度变缓,影响范围加长,产生的震害程度降低了。研究结果对工程实践具有重要的指导意义。     

Research on pore microstructure features for dredger fill based on mercury intrusion method

The material composition and microstructure have a comprehensive influence on geological engineering properties of dredger fill.The porosity of the dredger fill is an important characteristic of microscopic structure.Taken dredger fill from Binhai New Area in Tianjin as research object,the distribution trend of pore is obtained by granularmetric analysis,mineral composition analysis and mercury intrusion method.By discussing the variation regulation of dredger fill in two different kinds of processing methods,certain theoretical basis is provided for evaluating the engineering geological properties of dredger fill.It can be concluded from the test results that after drainage treatment,the porosity decreased and the structure unit changed from the relatively loose state to aggregate state.In certain depth range,the consolidation effect of dredger fill with drainage treatment is better than that without drainage treatment.     

Wave dissipation by vegetation with layer schematization in SWAN

The energy of waves propagating through vegetation is dissipated due to the work done by the waves on the vegetation. Dalrymple et al. (1984) estimated wave dissipation by integrating the force on a cylinder over its vertical extent. This was extended by Mendez and Losada (2004) to include varying depths and the effects of wave damping due to vegetation and wave breaking for narrow-banded random waves. This paper describes the wave dissipation over a vegetation field by the implementation of the Mendez and Losada formulation in a full spectrum model SWAN, with an extension to include a vertical layer schematization for the vegetation. The present model is validated with the original equation and results from Mendez and Losada (2004). The sensitivity of the model to the shape of the frequency spectrum, directional spreading and layer schematization are investigated. The model is then applied to field measurements by using a vegetation factor. This model has the ability to calculate two-dimensional wave dissipation over a vegetation field including some important aspects such as breaking and diffraction as used in SWAN model.     

Clay slides in the Målselv valley, northern Norway: Characteristics, occurrence, and triggering mechanisms

The distribution of a large number of clay slides in the Målselv valley, northern Norway, is analysed and put into context with the stratigraphic organization of the valley-fill sediments. About 32% of the landslides larger than 10⁴ m³ occur close to the valley margins, where mud is either exposed or at shallow depth. About 57% of the landslides occur mid-valley, where relatively thin (< 15 m) coarse-grained deltaic sediments overlay fine-grained marine and glaciomarine sediments, and about 11% of the landslides occur in front of ice-contact deposits. The slide-prone areas are all characterized by the occurrence of heterogeneous sediments (interbedded clay, silt and sand), in addition to the presence of steep slopes eroded by rivers. The heterogeneous nature of the sediments probably enhanced groundwater drainage and leaching of salts from the clay, increasing sensitivity. Thus, the distribution and organization of the valley-fill sediments and groundwater drainage probably controlled the position of the slide scars and sliding planes. Since deglaciation of the valley (11,500 BP–present), isostatic rebound has enhanced fluvial incision and the creation of steep slopes due to a fall in relative sea level of up to 80 m.Arcuate-shaped, ‘bottleneck’ landslide scars ranging from c. 10⁴ to 10⁷ m³ in size is the dominant morphological signature of the slides, typical for quick clay slides or earth flows involving fluid mud. Their most common triggering mechanism is probably erosion at the toe slopes by the river Målselv or its tributaries. River erosion close to the valley margin, where glaciomarine and marine sediments are present, seems to give the most severe slides. The overall valley-fill organization controls the distribution of clay slides, which may apply to other fjord valleys having similar sediment distribution.     

结构性吹填软土蠕变模型研究

以天津滨海新区吹填场地经过真空预压处理的吹填软土为试验材料,对原状土及其重塑土基本性质与蠕变特性进行了试验研究。试验结果表明：经过真空预压处理后的吹填软土同时具有结构性和蠕变性,结构性的存在,对土体蠕变具有重要的影响。在修正的剑桥模型的基础上,对其进行改进,使其考虑结构性的影响,并以此作为蠕变屈服函数,建立了考虑结构性影响的吹填软土半经验半理论蠕变模型。计算结果表明,该模型符合结构性吹填软土实际,可在工程实践中应用。     

山区高填方地基蠕变沉降特性及简化计算方法探讨

如何准确计算高填方地基的沉降变形,特别是工后沉降变形已成为目前日益增多的山区高填方工程中亟待解决的问题,但目前有关工后沉降的计算模型及计算分析方法还有待完善。在前人研究的基础上,首先对使用较为广泛的双曲线模型的特点、应用范围以及参数取值等进行了探讨,特别是初步分析了室内试验蠕变变形比现场完成较快的原因,进而在原有模型的基础上针对大面积填方问题提出了一个考虑蠕变过程中荷载变化的计算方法,并通过计算对比展示了其合理可行性。同时,通过分析室内试验成果,发现碎石料在干湿循环作用下发生的变形与循环次数关系明显,在此基础上提出了能考虑当地降雨情况的蠕变变形与干湿循环变形的耦合计算方法。最后应用所提方法对一实际工程进行了工后沉降预测。     

Review of continental shelf marine geotechnics: Distribution of soils,measurement of properties,and environmental hazards

Abstract

Sands and silty sands are the predominant surficial soils of continental shelves. Cohesive fine‐grained soils are typical off the mouths of large rivers, near bays and estuaries, and in basins located on the shelf. The stratigraphy of shelf soils is very poorly known for most engineering purposes, except in the vicinity of the Mississippi Delta.

Vibratory coring is the most common method of sampling shelf sands to depths of about 13 m; greater soil depths are sampled by borings often using drilling and wireline sampling tools. Employment of self‐contained or wireline static cone penetrometers to obtain in situ measurements of sands has not been as common in the United States as in Europe. Dynamic piston corers are the most common samplers in cohesive soils, but rotary and hydraulically activated incremental corers are becoming available for marine use. Self‐contained or wireline vane shear devices and static cone penetrometers are used for the in situ testing of cohesive soils, and the latter device is also used for cohesionless soils. Dynamic cone penetrometers have been developed and have had limited experimental use at sea. In situ electrical resistivity and nuclear‐transmission and backscatter probes have been used in cohesive soils to obtain bulk‐density and water‐content measurements and for stratigraphic correlation. Acoustical properties of cohesive and cohesionless soils have been measured by in situ probes and have been estimated from results of geophysical surveys made on ships that are under way.

Environmental hazards to the foundations of offshore structures include earthquakes, wave‐induced loading and scour, and burrowing animals. Reported bottom‐current velocities on the United States continental shelf appear to have maximums of about 0.5 m/s under fair‐weather conditions and greater than about 5 m/s under hurricane conditions. Cyclical loading of the seafloor induced by storm waves appears to be a major hazard to soil stability in some areas.

A representative sample of the widely scattered engineering and scientific literature of continental shelf marine geotechnics and geotechnically related subjects has been made to aid marine geologists, geotechnologists, and other specialists.