The compressibility of a natural apatite

In-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments of a natural apatite with the formula of Ca₅(PO₄)₃F_0.94Cl_0.06 were carried out using a diamond anvil cell and angle-dispersive technique at Photon Factory (PF), Japan. Pressure–volume data were collected up to 7.12 GPa at 300 K. The pressures were determined from the ruby fluorescence spectra shift. The unit-cell parameters and volume decreased systematically with increasing pressure, and a reliable isothermal bulk modulus and its pressure derivative were obtained in this study. The third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state yielded the isothermal bulk modulus of K_T=91.5(38) GPa, its pressure derivative K_T= 4.0(11), and the zero-pressure volume V₀=524.2(3) ų.     

室内加固的吹填土微结构试验研究

在室内进行吹填土加固试验中,在吹填泥浆中分别掺入水泥和石灰两种外掺剂对吹填土进行加固,针对加固后的代表性吹填土样,利用扫描电子显微镜及图像处理技术对其进行微观结构测试。由微观结构照片可以看出,水泥处理后吹填土主要为团—絮状结构,而石灰处理后吹填土主要为团聚状结构。结构单元体的量化分析表明,生石灰处理后土样结构单元体等效直径较大,两种外掺剂处理后的吹填土中颗粒均以扁圆形颗粒为主,加压前土样结构单元体无明显定向性,而在受压后,土样定向性有所增强。孔隙定量化分析显示,压力作用下土体孔隙直径变小,受压前孔隙多为扁圆形,而受压后等轴孔隙数量增多,且受压前后土样孔隙均无明显的择优取向特征。     

填方路基振动台动力破坏试验研究

填方路基抗震安全是西部公路建设的关键技术问题之一。以“5•12”汶川地震灾区典型填方路基为背景,采用红层软岩和石英砂为模型路基材料,设计并完成比例为1∶20的大型振动台模型试验。在满足相似律的条件下,通过输入不同地震波类型、频率和振幅,系统地研究填方路基在强地震动作用下的动力响应和损伤破坏过程。试验模型尽可能全面地模拟影响填方路基地震响应的各种主要因素,包括路基与挡墙动力相互作用、路基施工过程、边界条件等。试验结果表明,加速度沿水平方向的响应呈现明显的非线性特征;总体上,模型路基对输入地震波具有明显的放大作用,在水平向地震波作用下,沿路基坡面向上,加速度峰值放大系数呈现递增趋势,路肩附近急剧增大,在逐级增加的输入地震作用下路基发生多处开裂。试验模拟呈现填方路基在地震作用下的响应及其损伤破坏过程,确定抗震薄弱部位,为全面评价路基的抗震性能提供相应的参考。     

Average ice crystal size and bulk short-wave single-scattering properties of cirrus clouds

The bulk single-scattering properties of cirrus clouds required for driving the radiation scheme in large-scale climate models are computed with respect to various size distributions and ice crystal shapes. It is shown that the average ice crystal size, defined as the ratio of total volume to the total projected area, can well-characterize the effect of various size distributions in determining the bulk radiative properties of cirrus clouds. Details of the size distributions are not significant in specifying the radiative properties of these clouds if the effective average size is thus defined. Therefore, the ratio of the total volume to the total projected area is an ideal parameter for describing the bulk single-scattering properties. The effect of ice crystal shape is not critical in the parameterization of the extinction coefficient and single-scattering albedo. However, the various crystal habits must be accounted for in the parameterization of the asymmetry parameter. The resulting parameterization is intended for radiative transfer calculations involving cirrus clouds in large-scale models.     

PGE and Os-isotopic variations in lavas from Kohala Volcano, Hawaii: Constraints on PGE behavior and melt/crust interaction

We have examined Re, Platinum-Group Element (PGE) and Os-isotope variations in suites of variably fractionated lavas from Kohala Volcano, Hawaii, in order to evaluate the effects of melt/crust interaction on the mantle isotopic signature of these lavas. This study reveals that the behavior of Os and other PGEs changes during magma differentiation. The concentrations of all PGEs strongly decrease with increasing fractionation for melts with MgO < 8 wt.%. Fractionation trends indicate significantly higher bulk partition coefficients for PGEs in lavas with less than 8 wt.% MgO (D_PGE = 35–60) when compared to values for more primitive lavas with MgO > 8 wt.% (D_PGE ≤ 6). This sudden change in PGE behavior most likely reflects the onset of sulfur saturation and sulfide fractionation in Hawaiian magmas at about 8 wt.% MgO.

The Os-rich primitive lavas (≥ 8 wt.% MgO, > 0.1 ppb Os) display a narrow range of ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os values (0.130–0.133), which are similar to values in high-MgO lavas from Mauna Kea and Haleakala Volcanoes and likely represent the mantle signature of Kohala lavas. However, Os-isotopic ratios become more radiogenic with decreasing MgO and Os content in evolved lavas, ranging from 0.130 to 0.196 in the shield-stage Pololu basalts and from 0.131 to 0.223 in the post-shield Hawi lavas. This reflects assimilation of local oceanic crust material during fractional crystallization of the magma at shallow level (AFC processes). AFC modeling suggests that assimilation of up to 10% upper oceanic crust could produce the most radiogenic Os-isotope ratios recorded in the Pololu lavas. This amount of upper crust assimilation has a negligible effect on the Sr and Nd-isotopic compositions of Kohala lavas. Thus, these isotopic compositions likely represent the composition of the mantle source of Kohala lavas.     

平面拓扑模型的多边形矢量更新算法

为了提高土地利用变更图斑的更新效率,文章提出了一种平面拓扑图模型下的多边形矢量数据更新算法:采用平面拓扑图的数据结构,实现多边形几何对象间的线段求交计算,解决多边形间在重点和重边情况下的几何裁剪问题;通过对底图几何对象与变更几何对象之间拓扑关系的判别,不仅能够检测出矢量底图数据中发生变化的几何信息,而且可以减少几何运算的次数,提升矢量数据的更新效率。实验结果表明该算法具有良好的适用性及较高的更新效率。     

Seasonal variability of air-sea fluxes in two contrasting basins of the North Indian Ocean

Latent Heat Flux (LHF) and Sensible Heat Flux (SHF) are the two important parameters in air-sea interactions and hence have significant implications for any coupled ocean-atmospheric model. These two fluxes are conventionally computed from met-ocean parameters using bulk aerodynamic formulations; or the Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) bulk flux algorithms. Here COARE 3.5 algorithm is used to estimate the heat flux from two Ocean Moored Buoy Network for northern Indian Ocean (OMNI) buoy met-ocean observations in Arabian Sea (AS) and the Bay of Bengal (BoB). The AS and BoB are two ocean basins which are situated in same latitudinal range, but experience drastically differing in their met-ocean conditions, especially during the monsoon seasons. In this study, we have computed and compared the LHF and SHF at two different buoy locations in the AS and BoB and analysed their variability during three different seasons from November 2012 to September 2013. Additionally, 20 years (1998–2017) of Objectively Analysed (OA) Flux data sets collocated with the OMNI buoy locations were also utilised to the analyse the long period seasonal variabilities. The flux terms show strong seasonal variability with several peaks during the monsoon seasons in both the ocean basins. LHF varies directly with wind speed (WS) and inversely with relative humidity (RH). The correlation of LHF with WS is greater than 0.7 and RH is nearly -0.6 with few exceptions during pre-monsoon season in the AS and southwest monsoon in the BoB. However, SHF is less correlated with WS (∼0.3 to 0.5). The difference of sea surface temperature and air temperature (denoted as SST-AT) plays a significant role in determining SHF with a correlation greater than 0.6 in both the basins.     

蓄水后土石坝应力变形有效应力算法

水库蓄水后,土石坝应力变形较之施工填筑阶段更为复杂,其计算方法可分为总应力算法和有效应力算法。总应力算法简便直观,将心墙作为一个大单元仅宏观上符合总应力加面力的组合,而在微观上对于心墙具体单元而言却不符合;有效应力算法是采用有效应力加渗流力的组合,再考虑浸润线以下坝壳和心墙每个单元受到的浮托力及湿化变形引起的等效结点力（等效荷载）,因此,不论是在宏观上,还是微观上,有效应力算法将更趋于合理,没有总应力算法所存在的缺陷。     

基坑（边坡）工程杂填土治理技术

介绍了杂填土及其特征,明确了杂填土边坡适用圆弧式破坏模式,通过案例分析了几种杂填土的治理方法,强调要重视杂填土对基坑边坡的影响,根据杂填土的具体状况确定治理方案。     

Extensional neotectonic regime in West-southwest Konya,Central Anatolia,Turkey

ABSTRACT

In the Central Anatolia, the style of neotectonic regime governing the region has been a controversial issue. A tectonic study was carried out in order to contribute to this issue and better understand the neotectonic stress distribution and style of deformation in the west-southwest of the Konya region. From Middle Miocene to Recent time, Konya region was part of the Central Anatolia extensional province. The present-day topography in the west-southwestern part of Konya is characterized by alternating elongate grabens and horsts trending E-W and NW-SE. The grabens were developed upon low-grade metamorphic rocks of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic ages and ophiolite slabs of possibly Late Cretaceous age. The evolutionary history of grabens is episodic as evidenced by two graben infills; older and younger graben infills separated by an angular unconformity. The older infill consists of fluviolacustrine sequence intercalated with calc-alkaline lavas and pyroclastic rocks. This infill is folded; thrust faulted and Middle Miocene-Early Pliocene in age. The younger and undeformed basin fill comprises mainly of Plio-Quaternary conglomerates, sandstone-mudstone alternations of alluvial fan and recent basin floor deposits. Three major tectonic phases were differentiated based on the detailed mapping, morphological features and kinematic analysis. Approximately N-S trending extension began in the Middle Miocene-Early Pliocene in the region with the formation of E-W and NW-SE-trending grabens. Following NE-SW-directed compression which deformed the older basin fill deposits by folding and thrusting, a second period of ENE-WSW-trending extension began in the late Pliocene and continued to the present. The west-southwestern margin of the Konya depression is bounded by the Konya Fault Zone. It is an oblique-slip normal fault with a minor dextral strike-slip component and exhibits well-preserved fault slickensides and slickenlines. Recent seismicity and fault-related morphological features reveal that the Konya Fault Zone is an active neotectonic structure.