填方路基振动台动力破坏试验研究

填方路基抗震安全是西部公路建设的关键技术问题之一。以“5•12”汶川地震灾区典型填方路基为背景,采用红层软岩和石英砂为模型路基材料,设计并完成比例为1∶20的大型振动台模型试验。在满足相似律的条件下,通过输入不同地震波类型、频率和振幅,系统地研究填方路基在强地震动作用下的动力响应和损伤破坏过程。试验模型尽可能全面地模拟影响填方路基地震响应的各种主要因素,包括路基与挡墙动力相互作用、路基施工过程、边界条件等。试验结果表明,加速度沿水平方向的响应呈现明显的非线性特征;总体上,模型路基对输入地震波具有明显的放大作用,在水平向地震波作用下,沿路基坡面向上,加速度峰值放大系数呈现递增趋势,路肩附近急剧增大,在逐级增加的输入地震作用下路基发生多处开裂。试验模拟呈现填方路基在地震作用下的响应及其损伤破坏过程,确定抗震薄弱部位,为全面评价路基的抗震性能提供相应的参考。     

青藏高原中侏罗世-早白垩世羌塘复合型前陆盆地充填模式

根据沉积物碎屑组分、粗碎屑楔状体、边缘相、古流向和沉积、沉降中心等重建了盆地结构、古地理和古地貌,认为该盆地是在中侏罗世-早白垩世多岛洋体制下形成的一种复杂的、特殊类型的复合前陆盆地,它的形成和发展同金沙江缝合带与班公湖-怒江缝合带的碰撞和对冲有关,是盆地两侧板块边缘的大型逆冲作用的产物。在此基础上,根据中央隆起地貌景观交替性变化和盆地中“三砂二灰”的幕式沉积特点,将中侏罗世-早白垩世羌塘前陆盆地演化过程分为 5个阶段,其中巴通期和牛津-提唐期是羌塘盆地南北两侧构造活动相对平静期,而巴柔期、卡洛期、提唐-贝里阿斯期是羌塘盆地南北两侧构造活动强烈时期,强烈的逆冲推覆作用产生大量的构造负载,导致中央隆起强烈地挠曲隆升,造成了盆地中的幕式沉积,产生构造层序和层序,恢复了羌塘前陆盆地沉积记录与两侧缝合带的逆冲作用的相互关系.     

Average ice crystal size and bulk short-wave single-scattering properties of cirrus clouds

The bulk single-scattering properties of cirrus clouds required for driving the radiation scheme in large-scale climate models are computed with respect to various size distributions and ice crystal shapes. It is shown that the average ice crystal size, defined as the ratio of total volume to the total projected area, can well-characterize the effect of various size distributions in determining the bulk radiative properties of cirrus clouds. Details of the size distributions are not significant in specifying the radiative properties of these clouds if the effective average size is thus defined. Therefore, the ratio of the total volume to the total projected area is an ideal parameter for describing the bulk single-scattering properties. The effect of ice crystal shape is not critical in the parameterization of the extinction coefficient and single-scattering albedo. However, the various crystal habits must be accounted for in the parameterization of the asymmetry parameter. The resulting parameterization is intended for radiative transfer calculations involving cirrus clouds in large-scale models.     

PGE and Os-isotopic variations in lavas from Kohala Volcano, Hawaii: Constraints on PGE behavior and melt/crust interaction

We have examined Re, Platinum-Group Element (PGE) and Os-isotope variations in suites of variably fractionated lavas from Kohala Volcano, Hawaii, in order to evaluate the effects of melt/crust interaction on the mantle isotopic signature of these lavas. This study reveals that the behavior of Os and other PGEs changes during magma differentiation. The concentrations of all PGEs strongly decrease with increasing fractionation for melts with MgO < 8 wt.%. Fractionation trends indicate significantly higher bulk partition coefficients for PGEs in lavas with less than 8 wt.% MgO (D_PGE = 35–60) when compared to values for more primitive lavas with MgO > 8 wt.% (D_PGE ≤ 6). This sudden change in PGE behavior most likely reflects the onset of sulfur saturation and sulfide fractionation in Hawaiian magmas at about 8 wt.% MgO.

The Os-rich primitive lavas (≥ 8 wt.% MgO, > 0.1 ppb Os) display a narrow range of ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os values (0.130–0.133), which are similar to values in high-MgO lavas from Mauna Kea and Haleakala Volcanoes and likely represent the mantle signature of Kohala lavas. However, Os-isotopic ratios become more radiogenic with decreasing MgO and Os content in evolved lavas, ranging from 0.130 to 0.196 in the shield-stage Pololu basalts and from 0.131 to 0.223 in the post-shield Hawi lavas. This reflects assimilation of local oceanic crust material during fractional crystallization of the magma at shallow level (AFC processes). AFC modeling suggests that assimilation of up to 10% upper oceanic crust could produce the most radiogenic Os-isotope ratios recorded in the Pololu lavas. This amount of upper crust assimilation has a negligible effect on the Sr and Nd-isotopic compositions of Kohala lavas. Thus, these isotopic compositions likely represent the composition of the mantle source of Kohala lavas.     

平面拓扑模型的多边形矢量更新算法

为了提高土地利用变更图斑的更新效率,文章提出了一种平面拓扑图模型下的多边形矢量数据更新算法:采用平面拓扑图的数据结构,实现多边形几何对象间的线段求交计算,解决多边形间在重点和重边情况下的几何裁剪问题;通过对底图几何对象与变更几何对象之间拓扑关系的判别,不仅能够检测出矢量底图数据中发生变化的几何信息,而且可以减少几何运算的次数,提升矢量数据的更新效率。实验结果表明该算法具有良好的适用性及较高的更新效率。     

Seasonal variability of air-sea fluxes in two contrasting basins of the North Indian Ocean

Latent Heat Flux (LHF) and Sensible Heat Flux (SHF) are the two important parameters in air-sea interactions and hence have significant implications for any coupled ocean-atmospheric model. These two fluxes are conventionally computed from met-ocean parameters using bulk aerodynamic formulations; or the Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) bulk flux algorithms. Here COARE 3.5 algorithm is used to estimate the heat flux from two Ocean Moored Buoy Network for northern Indian Ocean (OMNI) buoy met-ocean observations in Arabian Sea (AS) and the Bay of Bengal (BoB). The AS and BoB are two ocean basins which are situated in same latitudinal range, but experience drastically differing in their met-ocean conditions, especially during the monsoon seasons. In this study, we have computed and compared the LHF and SHF at two different buoy locations in the AS and BoB and analysed their variability during three different seasons from November 2012 to September 2013. Additionally, 20 years (1998–2017) of Objectively Analysed (OA) Flux data sets collocated with the OMNI buoy locations were also utilised to the analyse the long period seasonal variabilities. The flux terms show strong seasonal variability with several peaks during the monsoon seasons in both the ocean basins. LHF varies directly with wind speed (WS) and inversely with relative humidity (RH). The correlation of LHF with WS is greater than 0.7 and RH is nearly -0.6 with few exceptions during pre-monsoon season in the AS and southwest monsoon in the BoB. However, SHF is less correlated with WS (∼0.3 to 0.5). The difference of sea surface temperature and air temperature (denoted as SST-AT) plays a significant role in determining SHF with a correlation greater than 0.6 in both the basins.     

蓄水后土石坝应力变形有效应力算法

水库蓄水后,土石坝应力变形较之施工填筑阶段更为复杂,其计算方法可分为总应力算法和有效应力算法。总应力算法简便直观,将心墙作为一个大单元仅宏观上符合总应力加面力的组合,而在微观上对于心墙具体单元而言却不符合;有效应力算法是采用有效应力加渗流力的组合,再考虑浸润线以下坝壳和心墙每个单元受到的浮托力及湿化变形引起的等效结点力（等效荷载）,因此,不论是在宏观上,还是微观上,有效应力算法将更趋于合理,没有总应力算法所存在的缺陷。     

基坑（边坡）工程杂填土治理技术

介绍了杂填土及其特征,明确了杂填土边坡适用圆弧式破坏模式,通过案例分析了几种杂填土的治理方法,强调要重视杂填土对基坑边坡的影响,根据杂填土的具体状况确定治理方案。     

Extensional neotectonic regime in West-southwest Konya,Central Anatolia,Turkey

ABSTRACT

In the Central Anatolia, the style of neotectonic regime governing the region has been a controversial issue. A tectonic study was carried out in order to contribute to this issue and better understand the neotectonic stress distribution and style of deformation in the west-southwest of the Konya region. From Middle Miocene to Recent time, Konya region was part of the Central Anatolia extensional province. The present-day topography in the west-southwestern part of Konya is characterized by alternating elongate grabens and horsts trending E-W and NW-SE. The grabens were developed upon low-grade metamorphic rocks of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic ages and ophiolite slabs of possibly Late Cretaceous age. The evolutionary history of grabens is episodic as evidenced by two graben infills; older and younger graben infills separated by an angular unconformity. The older infill consists of fluviolacustrine sequence intercalated with calc-alkaline lavas and pyroclastic rocks. This infill is folded; thrust faulted and Middle Miocene-Early Pliocene in age. The younger and undeformed basin fill comprises mainly of Plio-Quaternary conglomerates, sandstone-mudstone alternations of alluvial fan and recent basin floor deposits. Three major tectonic phases were differentiated based on the detailed mapping, morphological features and kinematic analysis. Approximately N-S trending extension began in the Middle Miocene-Early Pliocene in the region with the formation of E-W and NW-SE-trending grabens. Following NE-SW-directed compression which deformed the older basin fill deposits by folding and thrusting, a second period of ENE-WSW-trending extension began in the late Pliocene and continued to the present. The west-southwestern margin of the Konya depression is bounded by the Konya Fault Zone. It is an oblique-slip normal fault with a minor dextral strike-slip component and exhibits well-preserved fault slickensides and slickenlines. Recent seismicity and fault-related morphological features reveal that the Konya Fault Zone is an active neotectonic structure.     

断层破碎带千枚岩填筑路基工程特性试验研究

针对“5·12”地震后,位于北川地区断层破碎带的千枚岩作为路基填料特有的材料,对破碎的千枚岩进行化学成分、物理性质、崩解性等试验。初步认为可以作为路基的底层填料,点荷载强度与多因素有关;破碎千枚岩中的粘土矿物含量与崩解程度有很大关系,压实工程特性与颗粒粗细的相对含量密切相关。根据施工现场试验监测结果表明,通过研究确定的压实工艺可将千枚岩压实到要求的密度,其物理、力学性质得到改善,满足路基要求。