深厚淤泥地基中高路堤桥台基桩工作性状的现场实测与分析

针对位于深厚淤泥地基上的高路堤桥台的冲孔灌注桩,进行了1.5 a的现场实测,测试了修筑承台前、修筑桥台期间、邻近过渡段的路基填土期间、过渡段的路基填土期间及跨梁修筑后的桩身应变和桩侧土体孔隙水压力,也测试了基桩的挠曲变形和桥台的倾斜变形,基于实测结果对基桩的受力变形性状进行研究。结果表明,桥台基桩在承受上部结构荷载以前就产生了压缩变形;在上部桥台和台后填土的共同作用下,桩身前后侧的轴向应变虽都表现为压应变,但应变值相差较大;台后路基填土完成后,桩身最大负弯矩出现在淤泥层浅部,最大正弯矩出现在软硬土层交界处,桥台发生较小倾斜;跨梁的修筑使桥台台身又恢复到竖直状态。     

渗流作用下吹填土微观结构特征定量化研究

吹填土的工程性状受土体的物质组成和微观结构综合影响,而微观结构在以往的研究中涉及较少。以天津滨海地区吹填土为研究对象,进行室内渗流作用下吹填土的沉降试验。利用图像处理技术对土体的微观结构作定量分析,讨论天津滨海地区吹填土结构单元体、孔隙的大小、丰度和定向频率等评价指标在渗流作用下的变化情况及形成机理,可为评价吹填土的工程地质性质提供一定的理论依据。试验分析表明：随着渗流压力的增大,土中结构单元体从较为松散的状态转变为团聚状态,呈现出不同程度的扁圆形,但没有明显定向性;土体中的孔隙由于失去平衡,变为小而紧密的球形体,孔隙定向角集中分布在0°～10°。     

The role of hydrologic information in reservoir operation – Learning from historical releases

Closing the gap between theoretical reservoir operation and the real-world implementation remains a challenge in contemporary reservoir operations. Past research has focused on optimization algorithms and establishing optimal policies for reservoir operations. In this study, we attempt to understand operators’ release decisions by investigating historical release data from 79 reservoirs in California and the Great Plains, using a data-mining approach. The 79 reservoirs are classified by hydrological regions, intra-annual seasons, average annual precipitation (climate), ratio of maximum reservoir capacity to average annual inflow (size ratio), hydrologic uncertainty associated with inflows, and reservoirs’ main usage. We use information theory – specifically, mutual information – to measure the quality of inference between a set of classic indicators and observed releases at the monthly and weekly timescales. Several general trends are found to explain which sources of hydrologic information dictate reservoir release decisions under different conditions. Current inflow is the most important indicator during wet seasons, while previous releases are more relevant during dry seasons and in weekly data (as compared with monthly data). Inflow forecasting is the least important indicator in release decision making, but its importance increases linearly with hydrologic uncertainty and decreases logarithmically with reservoir size. No single hydrologic indicator is dominant across all reservoirs in either of the two regions.     

挤压式边墙技术在面板堆石坝工程的应用

介绍了寺坪面板堆石坝上游垫层坡面混凝土挤压边墙的试验过程及应用情况。以挤压式边墙技术替代了传统工艺中垫层料的超填、人工和机械削坡修整、斜坡碾压、坡面防护等技术。阐述了挤压式边墙的施工特点,并对该项指标及施工方法进行了介绍,寺坪工程应用挤压式边墙施工技术,在简化施工工序、提高安全生产等方面的优势在大坝上游垫层区的施工中得到明显体现。     

Aerodynamic Variables in the Bulk Formulation of Turbulent Fluxes

Aerodynamic variables are required to apply Monin–Obukhov similarity theory in the bulk formulation of surface fluxes. In the literature, these aerodynamic variables are commonly misinterpreted. In this paper, we review the concept of the aerodynamic variable, its connection to surface-layer similarity theory and how and why the aerodynamic variable is replaced with other variables.Observed mean variables below the surface layer, such as the surface radiation temperature, or the air temperature at canopy height, are often used in place of the extrapolated aerodynamic variables in the bulk formula, requiring empirical relationships between aerodynamic and observed variables, or requiring empirical adjustments of bulk resistances. The present study examines the validity of these relationshi Experiment (CODE). The results indicate that using a measured substitute for an aerodynamic variable can lead to significant errors in estimates of turbulent surface fluxes.     

Static compression of the hydrous magnesium silicate phase D to 30 GPa at room temperature

Phase D is a dense hydrous magnesium silicate (ideal formula MgSi₂H₂O₆) which contains silicon cations exclusively in octahedral coordination. Measurements of the unit cell parameters of phase D were made to pressures of 30 GPa using a diamond anvil cell and employing synchrotron X-ray diffraction. A neon pressure medium was used. Using a third order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state the isothermal bulk modulus of phase D was determined as 166(±3) GPa with K′ equal to 4.1(±0.3). The compression of phase D is anisotropic with the c-axis twice as compressible as the a-axis. Above 20 GPa, however, the c/a ratio becomes pressure independent. Received: 29 July 1998/ Revised, accepted: 5 August 1998     

青藏高原大气边界层湍流特征量分析

采用１９７９年青藏高原气象科学实验资料,研究高原陆面上总体湍流送系数ＣＤ和ＣＨ的特征及边界层高度受高原地形的影响。结果表明用廓线法计算的高原上局地的ＣＤ和ＣＨ值比同样粗糙度长度条件下平原地区的值大得多,而且日较差也大于平原地区。     

陇中黄土高原半干旱区总体输送系数的特征

利用在陇中黄土高原半干旱区2003年10月—2005年7月获得的近地层梯度观测资料,采用空气动力学法,计算了动量和感热总体输送系数。结果表明,陇中黄土高原半干旱区动量和感热总体输送系数均存在明显的日变化特征,夏季中午左右分别达到5.6×10-3和6.7×10-3。受下垫面植被的影响,在一年中呈现出双峰型特征,第一峰值出现在春小麦拔节—黄熟期,次高值出现在10月初。动量和感热总体输送系数平均值分别为2.9×10-3和3.1×10-3。当大气处于不稳定状态时,总体输送系数随着风速的增大而减小;相反当大气处于稳定状态时,随着风速的增大而增大。陇中黄土高原半干旱区的总体输送系数高于戈壁、平原草地和海洋下垫面的值,但低于青藏高原草地和城市下垫面的值。     

The chemical composition of rainwater over Büyükçekmece Lake, Istanbul

In the present study, the precipitation near Büyükçekmece Lake, which is one of the important drinking water sources of Istanbul city, was studied during October 2001–July 2002. Seventy-nine bulk precipitation samples were collected at two sampling stations near the Lake (41°2′35″N, 28°35′25″E and 41°5′30″N, 28°37′7″E). The study comprised the determination of H⁺, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, NH₄⁺, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Ba, Fe, Cu and Mn concentrations in bulk deposition rain event samples. The average volume-weighted pH value was found to be 4.81, which points out that the rain is slightly acidic. High sulfate concentrations were observed together with high H⁺ ion values. Sulfur emissions were the major cause for the observed high hydrogen ion levels. On the basis of factor analysis and correlation matrix analysis, it has been found that in this region, acid neutralization is brought about by calcium rather than the ammonium ion. The varimax rotated factor analysis grouped the variables into four factors, which are crustal, marine and two anthropogenic sources.     

高原降雨天气过程中总体输送系数的变化特征

以中日亚洲季风机制合作研究计划设在西藏的4个自动气象站（AWS）获得的近6年（1995年7月-1999年6月）观测连续、时次密集的近地层大气梯度观测资料为基础,选取了高原中、东部夏季雨季的一些典型降雨过程,应用廓线-通量法计算了这些站降雨过程中每隔20min一次的总体输送系数,分析了其随层结稳定度、地表粗糙度以及在降雨天气过程中的变化特征。结果表明：总体输送系数的变化与近地层大气层结稳定度、地表粗糙度具有确定的、密切的关系;总体输送系数对降雨天气过程有明显的响应,但在与降雨过程的雨量峰值、降雨时段的对应上,各站的规律性略有不同。