Facies characteristics and architecture related to palaeodepth of Holocene fjord–delta sediments

Lithofacies characteristics and depositional geometry of a sandy, prograding delta deposited as part of the Holocene valley‐fill stratigraphy in the Målselv valley, northern Norway, were examined using morpho‐sedimentary mapping, facies analysis of sediments in exposed sections, auger drilling and ground penetrating radar survey. Various lithofacies types record a broad range of depositional processes within an overall coarsening‐upward succession comprising a lowermost prodelta/bottomset unit, an intermediate delta slope/foreset unit containing steeply dipping clinoforms and an uppermost delta plain/topset unit. Bottomset lithofacies typically comprise sand‐silt couplets (tidal rhythmites), bioturbated sands and silts, and flaser and lenticular bedding. These sediments were deposited from suspension fall‐out, partly controlled by tidal currents and fluvial effluent processes. Delta foreset lithofacies comprise massive, inverse graded and normal graded beds deposited by gravity‐driven processes (mainly cohesionless debris flows and turbidity currents) and suspension fall‐out. In places, delta foreset beds show tidal rhythmicity and individual beds can be followed downslope into bottomset beds. Delta plain facies show an upward‐fining succession with trough cross‐beds at the base, followed by planar, laminated and massive beds indicative of a bedload dominated river/distributary system. This study presents a model of deltaic development that can be described with reference to three styles within a continuum related primarily to water depth within a basin of variable geometry: (i) bypass; (ii) shoal‐water; and (iii) deep‐water deltas. Bypass and deep‐water deltas can be considered as end members, whereas shoal‐water deltas are an intermediate type. The bypass delta is characterized by rapid progradation and an absence of delta slope sediments and low basin floor aggradation due to low accommodation space. The shoal‐water delta is characterized by rapid progradation, a short delta slope dominated by gravity‐flow processes and a prodelta area characterized by rapid sea‐floor aggradation due to intense suspension fallout of sandy material. Using tidal rhythmites as time‐markers, a progradation rate of up to 11 m year^?1 has been recorded. The deep‐water delta is characterized by a relatively long delta slope dominated by gravity flows, moderate suspension fall‐out and slow sea‐floor aggradation in the prodelta area.     

Effect of anti-slosh baffles on free liquid oscillations in partially filled horizontal circular tanks

An exact two dimensional hydrodynamic analysis based on the linear potential theory is introduced to study the free liquid sloshing characteristics of transverse oscillation modes in a non-deformable horizontal circular cylindrical baffled container which is filled to an arbitrary depth with an inviscid incompressible liquid. Three common baffle configurations are considered: a pair of internal rigid horizontal side baffles of arbitrary extension installed at the free liquid surface, and a surface-piercing or a bottom-mounted vertical rigid baffle of arbitrary extension positioned along the tank vertical axis of symmetry. The problem solution is obtained by the method of successive conformal coordinate transformations, leading to standard truncated matrix eigenvalue problems on simple (rectangular) regions which are then solved numerically for the resonance eigen-frequencies. The effects of liquid fill level, baffle arrangement and length upon the three lowest antisymmetric and symmetric sloshing frequencies and the associated hydrodynamic pressure mode shapes are examined. Also, convergence of the adopted approach with respect to the fill condition, and baffle type/extension is discussed. Limiting cases are considered and the validity of results is established in comparison with the data in the existing literature.     

吹填软土邓肯-张模型与应变硬化指数理论研究

天津滨海新区正在进行大规模吹填造陆工程,由于吹填土成分主要以细粒为主,固结不充分,工后沉降问题成为亟需解决的问题。通过吹填软土重塑样的三轴固结剪切试验,以试验所得的应力应变关系曲线为基础,比较研究了邓肯一张模型和应变硬化指数理论。结果表明：两种模型各有特点,邓肯张模型能够准确预测应力应变曲线的始末段,而应变硬化指数理论参数能够反映吹填重塑土的应变硬化能力。     

高能级强夯法处理深厚吹填砂土地基现场试验

沿海吹填砂土地基地下水位较高、常含软土夹层,地基处理难度大。为了研究高能级强夯在这类吹填砂土地基上的加固效果,在山东沿海某吹填砂土场地开展6 000和8 000 kN·m能级强夯加固试验。试验结束后分别运用标准贯入试验、静力触探试验、平板载荷试验进行现场检测。通过对比分析了设计要求深度范围内标准贯入试验和静力触探试验,发现夯前夯后标准贯入试验击数和静力触探锥尖试验阻力均明显提升,有效消除了饱和砂土和饱和粉土的液化势;通过平板载荷试验p-s曲线及夯后静力触探锥尖阻力标准值与承载力特征值的关系式,得到夯后砂土地基承载力特征值≥120 kPa,验证了高能级强夯方案的可行性。其次,对软土夹层位置和地下水位高度展开研究,发现软土层会阻碍夯击能传递,减小强夯有效加固深度,且软土层位置不同对强夯加固效果影响程度不同,强夯影响临界范围处存在软土层时,有效加固深度为软土层顶部位置处;对砂土地基进行4 000 kN·m能级强夯试验时,发现未降水强夯后有效加固深度为5 m,降水至地面以下3 m强夯后有效加固深度达到了7 m,提高了加固效果。在高能级强夯研究基础上,对现场吹填砂土地基进行了75万m²的大面积高能级强夯施工,发现处理后地基能够满足建筑用地要求。     

Froude supercritical flow bedforms in deepwater slope channels? Field examples in conglomerates,sandstones and fine‐grained deposits

Active margin continental slope outcrops from the Eocene Juncal Formation, the Eocene La Jolla Group and the Miocene Capistrano Formation display sedimentary structures and depositional geometries that suggest deposition from Froude supercritical flow, based on comparison to strata produced by flume experiments. These deposits range from boulder‐size soft clasts and cobble‐size hard clasts to silt and mud, and display long‐wavelength and low‐amplitude convex‐up and concave‐up geometries that range from centimetre to hundreds of metres scale, low‐angle foresets and backsets, and common internal and bounding erosion surfaces from centimetres to tens of metres in depth. In places, planar laminations, structureless beds and normally graded beds are laterally or vertically associated with such structures. In other places, consistent backsets or deep and steep‐sided scours occur. This study aimed to discuss the origin of the observed bedforms, contributed to recognition of supercritical flow deposits on continental slopes and expanded the outcrop examples of supercritical flow deposits to silt and mud. This work implies that the erosive and powerful Froude supercritical flow turbidity currents may have a substantial impact on erosional and depositional dynamics on deepwater slopes, especially on active margins due to the steep gradients and high sediment supply.     

MapGIS区文件自动分类填色的快速实现

针对MapGIS软件在拓扑造区中随机填色而导致图件符号化操作烦琐且极易出错的问题,本文在深入分析MapGIS区明码文件逻辑结构的基础上,运用Excel强大的数据编辑处理功能,提出了快速给区块分类填色的简易方法,并结合土地利用现状图数据进行了实验。结果表明,该方法操作简单,易实现,能够快速地解决一些常见的实际问题。     

Sheath fold morphology in simple shear

Sheath folds are highly non-cylindrical structures often associated with shear zones. We investigate the formation of sheath folds around a weak inclusion acting as a slip surface in simple shear by means of an analytical model. We present results for different slip surface orientations and shapes. Cross-sections perpendicular to the shear direction through the sheath fold display closed contours, so called eye-structures. The aspect ratio of the outermost closed contour is strongly dependent on the initial slip surface configuration. The center of the eye-structure is subject to change in height with respect to the upper edge of the outermost closed contour for different cross-sections perpendicular to the shear direction. This results in a large variability in layer thickness across the sheath fold length, questioning the usefulness of eye-structures as shear sense indicators. The location of the center of the eye structure is largely invariant to the initial configurations of the slip surface as well as to strain. The values of the aspect ratios of the closed contours within the eye-pattern are dependent on the strain and the cross-section location. The ratio (R′) of the aspect ratios of the outermost closed contour (R_yz) and the innermost closed contour (R_y′z′) shows values above and below 1. R′ shows dependence on the slip surface shape and orientation but not on the number of involved contours. Using R′ measurements to deduce the bulk strain type may be erroneous.     

Experimental study of the seismic behavior of partially concrete‐filled steel bridge piers under bidirectional dynamic loading

The seismic behavior of steel bridge piers partially filled with concrete under actual earthquake conditions was investigated by using 20 square section specimens subjected to static cyclic loading tests and single‐directional and bidirectional hybrid loading tests. Acceleration records of two horizontal NS and EW directional components for hard (GT1), medium (GT2), and soft grounds (GT3), obtained during the 1995 Kobe earthquake, were adopted in dynamic tests. Experimental results clearly showed that maximum and residual displacements under actual earthquake conditions cannot be accurately estimated by conventional single‐directional loading tests, especially for GT2 and GT3. A modified admissible displacement was proposed on the basis of bidirectional loading test results. The concrete fill can effectively improve the seismic resistance performance if the concrete inside the steel bridge piers is sufficiently high in quantity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

对某钢厂建设中边坡支护问题的研究

利用修整斜山坡场地的边坡支护的实践经验,研究了扶壁式＋预应力锚杆挡墙、板式锚杆挡墙、格构式锚杆挡墙和岩石锚喷支护方式在边坡支护中的应用,可为以后类似工程的设计与施工提供参考依据。     

基于模型试验的海洋核动力平台定位系统解脱作业关键指标分析

海洋核动力平台定位系统采用软刚臂单点系泊方式,属于多铰连接的单点系泊装置。定位系统在长期海上运营过程中,会面临结构维护、改造、更换等作业,解脱作业的安全性是定位系统乃至核动力平台安全的重要组成。借鉴国内外海洋石油平台解脱作业的成功案例,首先给出了核动力平台定位系统解脱作业的流程,并结合解脱作业故障树的风险传递路径给出关键风险指标;然后基于相似理论搭建了定位系统1∶9缩尺比模型试验平台,真实模拟了定位系统全流程解脱作业,验证了定位系统解脱作业的可行性与有效性;基于实时测量数据分析提升缆绳在限位状态与解脱作业时的张力响应、法兰解脱时系泊腿下部万向节振动响应、系泊刚臂下放姿态等关键指标。研究结果表明物理试验模拟方法可以准确表征解脱作业过程的关键节点,并为量化作业指标、优化作业流程提供数据支持,同时相关试验分析方法可以为其他海洋装备的解脱、安装等提供参考。