Similarity solution of oblique impact of wedge-shaped water column on wedged coastal structures

The initial stage of plunging wave impact obliquely on coastal structures is analysed. The problem is modelled through an oblique collision of an asymmetrical water wedge and an asymmetrical solid wedge. The gravity effect on the flow is ignored based on the assumption that the ratio of the incoming speed of the wave to the acceleration due to gravity is much larger than the time scale of interest. Similarity solution method based on the velocity potential theory is then used. The problem of this similarity flow is solved by a boundary element method through the Cauchy theorem in the complex plan. Results for the wave elevation and pressure distribution are provided, including the forces and moments, effects of different impact angles and the effects of oblique impact are investigated. In particular, negative pressure near the tip of the solid wedge is observed and its implications are discussed.     

龙门山中段山前带构造楔的发现及其几何学、运动学特征:对青藏高原东南缘隆升动力学机制的约束

运用断层相关褶皱几何学原理,对龙门山中段山前的地震反射剖面进行解释。研究发现,龙门山中段山前带垂向上具有多套滑脱层。其中深层次滑脱层位于前震旦系基底深度约(19±2)km的地方,其上发育双重构造和叠加构造楔,构造楔是龙门山中段山前带重要的构造样式之一。工区A剖面深层构造楔模型以后展破裂式叠加形成,断层产生的滑移量达45.5 km;B剖面深层构造楔模型以前展破裂式叠加形成,断层产生的滑移量约16.6 km;构造楔的形成导致上部断裂和岩层隆升并褶皱变形,A、B剖面山前地层相对川西平原最大抬升量分别为8 km和3 km。构造楔沿龙门山中段山前带走向平面上呈带状分布,具有不同的规模和几何形态;分析其形成时间较晚,可能形成于喜马拉雅期。通过对深层叠加构造楔几何学和运动学的定量计算,其正演运动学模型与实际剖面解释相吻合。深层叠加构造楔的形成在龙门山中段前山带有着其相应的成因机制,在所能限定的空间范围内,其特殊的地理位置、构造特征与成因,可以为研究青藏高原东南缘隆升的动力机制提供一定的约束。     

武汉阳逻王母山断层及地震楔构造研究

本文研究了武汉阳逻王母山一带新发现的NWW走向的张性断层和该区集中分布的古地震楔构造。通过对王母山一带第四系剖面的详细测量,识别出阳逻砾石层(Q1y)底部的"标志性砾石层"具有结构成熟度低、风化程度高、短距离内厚度稳定和具有弱网纹化的鲜明特征,其夹持于下伏第三系东湖群(E)红色砂岩和上覆阳逻砾石层(Q1y)之间,层位稳定。经槽探揭露和剖面测量,以"标志层"对比为依据,对王母山断层的特征和性质进行了研究,指出王母山断层是由主干正断层(f1)及其上盘派生两个次级正断层(f2、f3)构成的的张性正断层,主干正断层(f1)走向308°,倾向NE,倾角40°~52°,断距6~8m,同步断错第三系东湖群(E)红色砂岩、下更新统阳逻砾石层(Q1y)和中更新统王家店组泥砾层(Q2w)。阳逻王母山一带集中分布的古地震楔构造平面可追踪长度3~20m不等,普遍错断阳逻砾石层(Q1y),向下收敛并尖灭于阳逻砾石层底部,仅发现2处古地震楔尖灭于东湖群(E)红色砂岩顶部并呈风化成白色粘土的节理裂隙。地质分析认为,王母山断层及其近区集中分布的古地震楔构造是在同一构造应力场中发育的,通过对古地震楔和王母山主干断层f1的应力分析发现,该区主压应力方向为NW335°左右,而主张应力方向为NE65°左右,在此背景下形成的古地震楔的走向主要为NW328°和170°~190°方向,而主干断裂走向则为300°左右。研究认为王母山断层错断下更新统阳逻砾石层及其上覆的中更新统王家店组(Q2w)泥砾层,时限为中更新世以新,为第四纪活动断层。武汉地区周边为一系列大断裂所环绕,尤其是NW向的襄(樊)-广(济)断裂从阳逻一带穿过,襄广断裂一线历史上曾遭遇过数十次地震的袭击,为湖北省历史中强震活动区之一。而阳逻龙口王母山断层及区内广泛分布的古地震楔构造则可能是同期古地震的反映。阳逻王母山断层及古地震楔研究为武汉地区地震地质构造的研究提供了新的依据。     

Progressive extensional shear structures in a detachment contact in the Western Sierra Nevada (Betic Cordilleras,Spain)

Abstract

The present contact caused by the superposition of the Alpujarride complex over that of the Nevado-Filabride in the western area of Sierra Nevada and Sierra de Filábres corresponds to a detachment. The deformation in the footwall associated with this contact, produced mylonitic fabrics with a significant stretching-lineation, over which brittle structures are superimposed. The deformation in the hanging wall associated with this contact is, on the other hand, essentially brittle. These deformations are subsequent to a series of syn-to post-metamorphic structures related to thrust phases.

The micro- and meso-structures indicate that the hanging wall has moved towards the west-south-west.

Other brittle structures, which began during the same extensional regime, are superimposed on the detachment and have continued to develop up to the present time. These structures were produced in an extensional regime with a non-coaxial deformation component and suggest the possibility of a tectonic evolution similar to that described for core complexes in the USA.     

构造控金与动力成金

本文在构造控制金矿床理论的基础上,进一步提出了断裂构造控制金矿床的思想,主张是断裂构造控金,而非褶皱构造控金;是脆性断裂带控金,而非韧性剪切带控金。文中阐述了动力作用为何能形成金矿床和如何形成金矿床,同时强调了动力作用可使原有的各类金矿体富化,形成富矿体。     

Deterministic chaos in frictional wedges revealed by convergence analysis

A triangular wedge, composed of a frictional material such as sand, and accreting additional material at its front, is the classical prototype for accretionary wedges and fold‐and‐thrust belts. A simplified method is proposed to capture the internal deformation of this structure resulting from a large number of faulting events during compression. The method combines the application of the kinematic approach of limit analysis to predict the optimum thrust‐fold and a set of geometrical rules to update the geometry accordingly, at each increment of shortening. It is shown that the structure topography remains approximately planar with a slope predicted by the critical Coulomb wedge theory. Failure by faulting occurs anywhere within the wedge at criticality, and its exact position is sensitive to topographic perturbations resulting from the deformation history. The convergence analysis in terms of the shortening increments and of the topography discretization reveals that the timing and the position of a single faulting event cannot be predicted. The convergence is achieved nevertheless in terms of the statistics of the distribution of the faulting events throughout the structure and during the entire deformation history. It is these two convergence properties that are presented to justify the claim that these compressed frictional wedges are imperfection sensitive, chaotic systems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quartz vein fabrics coupled to elevated fluid pressures in the Stawell gold deposit,south-eastern Australia

Shear and extensional veins formed during the reactivation of the Magdala shear system at Stawell in western Victoria, Australia, contribute to the formation of the auriferous Central and Basalt Contact lodes. Within this shear system is a range of fault rocks accompanied by steep-dipping (>65°) quartz-rich laminated shear veins and relatively flat-lying extensional veins. Both vein sets appear to have been a primary source for the host rock permeability during fluid flow in a regime of significant deviatoric stresses. The macro- and microstructures suggest that the dilatancy, that produced mineralized veins, formed under conditions of overpressure generated by fluid infiltration late in a tectonic regime. A new microfabric analysis technique is used to investigate the quartz-rich veins, which allows rapid integration of the microstructure with the crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs). Both the shear and extensional quartz veins have a random CPO with ∼120° dihedral angles between the quartz–quartz grains, which is typical of a metamorphic equilibrium microfabric. The microstructures indicate that the quartz has undergone extensive grain adjustment in the solid-state, with grain shape and size affected by interfacial solution (pressure solution) effects. These features are consistent with inferences from experimental rock deformation studies, where grain boundary migration is enhanced in a water-rich environment. The onset of solution-transfer processes (pressure solution) developed as the quartz microfabric stabilized and continued to modify the CPO and microstructure significantly. It is concluded that grain growth and pressure solution are coupled diffusive mass transfer processes, related to fluctuations in pore fluid pressures in a region undergoing deformation at near lithostatic pressures.     

Elastically-homogeneous lattice models of damage in geomaterials

This study involves the development of the auxiliary stress approach for producing elastically-homogeneous lattice models of damage in geomaterials. The lattice models are based on random, three-dimensional assemblages of rigid-body-spring elements. Unlike conventional lattice or particle models, the elastic constants of a material (e.g., Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio) are represented properly in both global and local senses, without any need for calibration. The proposed approach is demonstrated and validated through analyses of homogeneous and heterogeneous systems under uni- and tri-axial loading conditions. Comparisons are made with analytical solutions and finite element results. Thereafter, the model is used to simulate a series of standard laboratory tests: (a) split-cylinder tests, and (b) uniaxial compressive tests of sedimentary rocks at the Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory in Hokkaido, Japan. Model inputs are based on physical quantities measured in the experiments. The simulation results agree well with the experimental results in terms of pre-peak stress-strain/displacement responses, strength measurements, and failure patterns.     

Brittle rotational faults and the associated shear heating

Brittle faulting-related shear heating is important in petroleum geosciences, tectonics and seismic studies. Temporal variation of shear heat related temperature rise for rotational and roto-translational faults are investigated in this work. For planar fault planes, devoid of gouge and any secondary faulting, temperature rise is proportional to the coefficient of friction, and rate of (angular) slip. Tectonically realistic physical parameters for rotational faults, especially prolonged faulting, can significantly increase temperature by shear heating at shallow crustal depth, capable of thermal maturity of hydrocarbons.     

Metasomatism of sub-arc mantle peridotites below southernmost South America: reduction of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> f</Emphasis>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> by slab-melt

Quaternary basalts in the Cerro del Fraile area contain two types of mantle xenoliths; coarse-grained (2–5 mm) C-type spinel harzburgites and lherzolites, and fine-grained (0.5–2 mm) intensely metasomatized F-type spinel lherzolites. C-type xenoliths have high Mg in olivine (Fo = 90–91) and a range in Cr# [Cr/ (Cr + Al) = 0.17–0.34] in spinel. Two C-type samples contain websterite veinlets and solidified patches of melt that is now composed of minute quenched grains of plagioclase + Cr-spinel + clinopyroxene + olivine. These patches of quenched melts are formed by decompression melting of pargasitic amphibole. High Ti contents and common occurrence of relic Cr-spinel in the quenched melts indicate that the amphibole is formed from spinel by interaction with the Ti-rich parental magma of the websterite veinlets. The fO₂ values of these two C-type xenoliths range from ΔFMQ −0.2 to −0.4, which is consistent with their metasomatism by an asthenospheric mantle-derived melt. The rest of the C-type samples are free of “melt,” but show cryptic metasomatism by slab-derived aqueous fluids, which produced high concentrations of fluid-mobile elements in clinopyroxenes, and higher fO₂ ranging from ΔFMQ +0.1 to +0.3. F-type lherzolites are intensely metasomatized to form spinel with low Cr# (∼0.13) and silicate minerals with low MgO, olivine (Fo = ∼84), orthpyroxene [Mg# = Mg/(Mg + ΣFe) = ∼0.86] and clinopyroxene (Mg# = ∼0.88). Patches of “melt” are common in all F-type samples and their compositions are similar to pargasitic amphibole with low TiO₂ (<0.56 wt%), Cr₂O₃ (<0.55 wt%) and MgO (<16.3 wt%). Low Mg# values of silicate minerals, including the amphibole, suggest that the metasomatic agent is most likely a slab melt. This is supported by high ratios of Sr/Y and light rare earth elements (REE)/heavy REE in clinopyroxenes. F-type xenoliths show relatively low fO₂ (ΔFMQ −0.9 to −1.1) compared to C-type xenoliths and this is explained by the fusion of organic-rich sediments overlying the slab during the slab melt. Trench-fill sediments in the area are high in organic matter. The fusion of such wet sediments likely produced CH₄-rich fluids and reduced melts that mixed with the slab melt. High U and Th in bulk rocks and clinopyroxene in F-type xenoliths support the proposed interpretation.