云南丽江-剑川断裂带活动性研究

断裂带左旋运动起始于新构造运动。早更新世丽江盆地形成之后,斜向穿过丽江盆地的丽江-剑川断裂带对丽江盆地形成现今形态有很强的改造作用。丽江-剑川断裂带最新的一次活动应在早更新世后,以脆性变形为主,韧性变形为辅的断裂带,近期活动深度不很大。     

Damage characterization during laboratory strength testing: A 3D-finite-discrete element approach

A combined finite-discrete element approach is used to simulate the complete 3D fracture process during conventional laboratory testing, including Brazilian indirect tension and uniaxial and biaxial compression. A typical granite rock type (based on the Lac du Bonnet granite) was simulated to investigate the fracture pattern and mechanical strength of brittle rock in the laboratory. Damage intensity parameters (D₂₁ and D₃₂) are introduced and utilized to characterize the induced damage in the models. These parameters provide an improved representation of the cumulative associated damage and facilitate a quantitative characterization of crack intensity during testing. The numerical simulations included both 3D and 2D models, and show that there is a good agreement between the strength response derived from simulations both in 3D and 2D and the considered rock material. A good correlation also exists between the fracture pattern in 3D and the equivalent 2D models. The influence of confinement on the biaxial strength and the associated damage in compression is investigated. While axial splitting is the dominant failure mode at low confinement, finite-discrete element simulations show that a shear failure mode tends to dominate as the confinement increases. The dependency of dilation upon the confining pressure is also demonstrated, the dilation angle decreasing with increased confinement.     

地壳岩石剪切失稳的应力与应变准则

本文建立了岩石体膨胀起点与峰值点之间应力与应变关系的解析表达式,分别给出了其剪切失稳应力与应变准则.考虑到地壳岩石缓慢加载作用使其均匀性指标的减小效应,本文也分别给出了简化的适用于脆性破坏预测的应力与应变准则.实例表明该应变准则可用于崩塌与强震等脆性破坏问题的预测分析.     

Time-dependent cracking and brittle creep in crustal rocks: A review

Rock fracture under upper crustal conditions is driven not only by applied stresses, but also by time-dependent, chemically activated subcritical cracking processes. These subcritical processes are of great importance for the understanding of the mechanical behaviour of rocks over geological timescales. A macroscopic manifestation of time-dependency in the brittle field is the observation that rocks can deform and fail at constant applied stresses, a phenomenon known as brittle creep. Here, we review the available experimental evidence for brittle creep in crustal rocks, and the various models developed to explain the observations. Laboratory experiments have shown that brittle creep occurs in all major rock types, and that creep strain rates are extremely sensitive to the environmental conditions: differential stress, confining pressure, temperature and pore fluid composition. Even small changes in any of these parameters produce order of magnitude changes in creep strain rates (and times-to-failure). Three main classes of brittle creep model have been proposed to explain these observations: phenomenological, statistical, and micromechanical. Statistical and micromechanical models explain qualitatively how the increasing influence of microcrack interactions and/or the increasing accumulated damage produces the observed evolution of macroscopic deformation during brittle creep. However, no current model can predict quantitatively all of the observed features of brittle creep. Experimental data are limited by the timescale over which experiments are realistically feasible. Clearly, an extension of the range of available laboratory data to lower strain rates, and the development of new modelling approaches are needed to further improve our current understanding of time-dependent brittle deformation in rocks.     

云南双江大亮山金矿控矿因素及成因分析

矿体赋存于韧性剪切带,矿化带近南北向分布,为岩浆期后中—低温热液通过富集作用形成的微粒、浸染型金矿.     

断裂带中的二相变形与地震成因讨论

本文主要以郯庐断裂带现代侵蚀面上五种不同类型的断裂构造和断层岩石为例,论述大断层带中岩石变形的二相性特征,包括机械意义的“韧性相”和“脆性相”应变组分在变形过程中的作用和意义。在此基础上探讨一种可能的地震成因方式     

The sea-floor morphology of a Mediterranean shelf fed by small rivers, northern Alboran Sea margin

Depositional geometries and distribution patterns of shelf sediment wedges mainly derived from small rivers located in the northern margin of the Alboran Sea, Western Mediterranean Basin, are reported in this study, in order to understand: (1) their generation under particular physiographic and climatic conditions of river basins; (2) the interaction of shallow-water wedges with submarine valleys. A high amount of data has been used in this study, including river discharge and wave climate data, multibeam bathymetry, high-resolution seismic profiles and surficial sediment samples.The eastern shelf of the study area comprises the prodeltaic wedge off the Guadalfeo River and its eastward continuation, interrupted by the deeply indented Carchuna Canyon head. In contrast, the western shelf receives the contributions of a smaller river, the Verde River, whose associated prodeltaic wedge is limited to the inner shelf. Morphological features of both prodeltas are similar and differ from other Mediterranean prodeltaic bodies, resembling fan deltas. Those similarities include very steep foresets and bottomsets, very shallow and close to the coast offlap break, coarse sediment composition, lobate shape and common occurrence of crenulated sea floor. All these features point out to an origin linked to the activity of high-density sediment flows, rapid sedimentation and limited lateral redistribution. Those processes are favoured by the existence of an abrupt onshore physiography, a regional climate with a marked seasonality that conditioned torrential fluvial regimes and high availability of loose sand and gravel.Shelf sediment by-pass is a likely process during the Holocene in the eastern shelf, as suggested by the identification of two types of submarine valleys: (1) numerous gullies occur from the distal toe of the Guadalfeo River prodelta to the slope; (2) submarine canyon heads affect to the Holocene sedimentary wedge in the eastern sector of the study area. In the western shelf, however, the influence of shelf sedimentation processes on deeper domains is minimal, due to shelf widening, prevalence of relict features and absence of submarine valleys.     

Driving processes and recognition criteria for complex subaerial unconformities in a non-marine succession: Implications for basin margin shaping during forced regressions

A regional sedimentological and sequence stratigraphic analysis is presented in this paper to provide new insights into the morphological complexity and sedimentary mechanisms of unconformities giving shape to basin margins. Although the development of unconformities entails significant sediment delivery to be considered when analysing ‘source to sink’ systems, as well as large palaeogeographical changes related to basin reconfiguration episodes, the complexity that unconformities can reveal towards basin margins has been scarcely explored. A sedimentological and architectural analysis combining outcrop and subsurface datasets shows five palaeoenvironmental evolutionary stages and four key stratigraphic surfaces in a constrained ca 2 Ma Valanginian interval on the southern margin of the Neuquén back-arc basin (Argentina). A complex-type subaerial unconformity was identified, composed in turn of two subaerial unconformities exhibiting both single and composite motifs, different morphologies and facies shifts representative of large palaeogeographical changes. In the studied stratigraphic interval, two erosional stages occur linked to combinations of exclusively non-marine-driven processes involved in unconformities developing. The two subaerial unconformities differ in nature and distribution, representing a novel case of complex unconformities and stratigraphic architectures in non-marine lowstand wedges. The Valanginian complex subaerial unconformity entails a high diachroneity along strike and depositional dip, implying that the hiatus created in landward settings occurred during relative sea-level fall and rise stages during a period longer than in basinward areas. Disagreeing with classical sequential models, two third-order sequence components of a complex lowstand wedge are preserved in proximal settings. Subsidence-controlled accommodation and interplay between second-order and third-order cycles were combined, increasing the prospects of sediment storage and preservation potential of composite sequences towards landward areas. This work improves current comprehension about complex subaerial unconformities formation and related lowstand architectures in proximal settings, providing criteria to understand and revaluate lowstand wedge geometries, particularly for more complex examples, such as the case reported in this contribution.     

Neogene marine sediments and biota encapsulated between lava flows on Santa Maria Island (Azores,north-east Atlantic): An interplay between sedimentary,erosional and volcanic processes

Sedimentary rocks are rarely preserved on reefless volcanic oceanic islands because their sediments are mostly exported from coastal areas towards the deep sea and such islands typically undergo subsidence. In contrast, the exceptional geological record of the uplifted Santa Maria Island (Azores) provides a unique opportunity to gain insight on such coastal systems. This study focuses on a locality at Ponta do Cedro (eastern Santa Maria Island), which features a series of marine fossiliferous sediments wedged between steep lava deltas. As demonstrated by local structure, these sediments correspond to clinoforms deposited on the steep submarine slope of an active volcanic island, implying transport from shallow waters to greater depths and subsequent colonization by benthic communities. Rapid volcanic progradation eventually sealed the deposits, allowing for their preservation and providing a rare snapshot of the ecology during those intervals, in addition to insights on sedimentary dynamics along submarine island slopes. This study reveals spatial relationships between wedges of sedimentary bodies encapsulated by lavas in the Ponta do Cedro section, and interprets depositional processes preserved in those strata based on sedimentological and palaeontological data. The dynamics of the environment are mostly related to relative sea-level changes, intense volcanic activity and regional uplift during the Neogene.     

关于八卦庙超大型金矿床成矿建造分析

陕西凤县八卦庙特大型金矿床赋存于上泥盆统星红铺组下岩段一套半深海细碎屑岩浊积岩相中, 成矿作用主要受脆—韧性剪切活动控制。通过成矿建造分析研究, 具体阐述八卦庙金矿床的形成演化、成因及成矿模式。据八卦庙金矿床的成矿特点, 将八卦庙金矿床的形成演化划分为生矿建造、含矿建造、造矿建造和容矿建造。并将控矿构造内容引入成矿建造概念中。