Joint inversion of receiver function and surface wave dispersion observations

We implement a method to invert jointly teleseismic P wave receiver functions and surface wave group and phase velocities for a mutually consistent estimate of earth structure. Receiver functions are primarily sensitive to shear wave velocity contrasts and vertical traveltimes, and surface wave dispersion measurements are sensitive to vertical shear wave velocity averages. Their combination may bridge resolution gaps associated with each individual data set. We formulate a linearized shear velocity inversion that is solved using a damped leastsquares scheme that incorporates a priori smoothness constraints for velocities in adjacent layers. The data sets are equalized for the number of data points and physical units in the inversion process. The combination of information produces a relatively simple model with a minimal number of sharp velocity contrasts. We illustrate the approach using noisefree and realistic noise simulations and conclude with an inversion of observations from the Saudi Arabian Shield. Inversion results for station SODA, located in the Arabian Shield, include a crust with a sharp gradient near the surface (shear velocity changing from 1.8 to 3.5 km s¹ in 3 km) underlain by a 5kmthick layer with a shear velocity of 3.5 km s¹ and a 27kmthick layer with a shear velocity of 3.8 km s¹, and an upper mantle with an average shear velocity of 4.7 km s¹. The crustmantle transition has a significant gradient, with velocity values varying from 3.8 to 4.7 km s¹ between 35 and 40 km depth. Our results are compatible with independent inversions for crustal structure using refraction data.     

湘东地区板杉铺加里东期埃达克质花岗闪长岩的成因及地质意义

湘东地区板杉铺加里东期岩体是一套具埃达克岩性质的花岗闪长岩。该岩石具有高的SiO2(~70%)和Al2O3(~16.5%)、中等高的Na2O/K2O比值(普遍大于1.0,可达1.4)和低但可变的Mg质指数(Mg#= 37-59)。相对高的Sr(均值: 520 ppm)和Ba(1052~1502 ppm)以及低的Y(<12 ppm)和Yb(<1 ppm)丰度,导致该岩石具有低的Rb/Sr(0.17~0.42)、高的Sr/Y(34~64)比值,以及LREE强烈富集[(La/Yb)N= 27 ~ 71]而铕弱负异常(Eu/Eu*= 0.76 ~ 0.91)的稀土配分模式。因此,板杉铺岩体源区岩可能为石榴角闪岩或石榴角闪岩-角闪榴辉岩过渡相。但低Nd和高Sr同位素组成[?Nd(t)= -6.7 ~ -8.4],(87Sr/86Sr)i= 0.7078 ~ 0.7140]说明它们并不来源于俯冲的玄武质洋壳或亏损地幔;而高放射性成因Pb[(206Pb/204Pb)i=18.22~18.78]、高微量元素比值(如Ba/La=~15-28、Th/Ce=0.29-0.36)暗示深海沉积物及再循环的陆源沉积物可能已卷入这些岩石的成因。结合区域地质、地层和构造事件,我们认为,早古生代可能的陆-弧-陆碰撞是导致研究区埃达克质花岗闪长岩产生的重要机制,而源于先前富集地幔的玄武质岩浆底侵则诱导了加厚的中酸性弧下地壳岩石部分熔融。部分熔融产生的岩浆可能经同化混染和分离结晶作用过程最终形成了板杉铺埃达克质花岗闪长岩。华南埃达克质花岗闪长岩的厘定不仅揭示早古生代时期华南地区经历了地壳增生事件,对正确理解华南、特别是扬子板块东南缘Au-Sb-W-Cu等多金属成矿作用还具有重要的意义。     

辽宁省成矿系列研究

根据与成矿有关的地质构造条件、岩浆作用、沉积作用和矿床本身的特征,将辽宁省矿床系列划分为4个系列组合、即与岩浆作用有关的成矿系列组合、与变质作用有关的成矿系列组合、与沉积作用有关的成矿系列组合、与地下热卤水成矿作用有关的成矿系列组合.在此基础上进一步划分出了17个成矿系列.辽宁省地壳演化经历了太古宙-古元古代基底形成、中元古代-中三叠世地台盖层发展、中三叠世以后地台活化等发展阶段.其中在基底形成阶段形成1、9、10、11、12成矿系列.在盖层发展阶段形成了2、4、14、15、16、17成矿系列.在地台活化阶段形成了3、5、6、7、8成矿系列.进入第四纪以来,形成了各种类型的冲积、洪积砂矿床,构成了第13成矿系列.     

西藏冈底斯带花岗岩的时空分布特征及地壳生长演化信息

花岗岩是大陆特有的重要组成部分,同时与矿产资源有密切的关系。西藏花岗岩约占西藏自治区面积的12％,其中,80％分布在冈底斯岩浆岩带。在空间上,冈底斯花岗岩带大致可以分为3个亚带：北带、中带和南带;在时间上,以印度一亚洲大陆碰撞事件为标尺,可将青藏高原构造一岩浆事件划分为碰撞前（〉65Ma）、碰撞期（65～45Ma）、后碰撞（〈45Ma）3大阶段。在这3个阶段中,冈底斯带都产生了具有各自特点的花岗岩构造一岩浆类型。冈底斯花岗岩类的形成演化与新特提斯班公湖一怒江洋及雅鲁藏布洋的形成演化,有密切的关系。因此,其岩石的Nd,Sr同位素资料,对地壳生长与演化有重要的指示意义。冈底斯南带的大部分地区的花岗岩,均具有εNd（t）（＋）值（＋1．64～＋5．21）,模式年龄tDM也很年青（〈500Ma）,具有初生（juvenile）地壳的特征。在花岗岩成因中地幔物质有重要的贡献。而冈底斯中带、北带及南带西段的花岗岩类以εNd（t）（-）值为特征（-5．3～-17．3）,模式年龄tDM有两组值1．2Ga及2．0～2．5Ga,暗示这些地区的地壳具有古元古代一中元古代基底在花岗岩成因中,地壳组分具有主要贡献。     

Capturing the complete stress–strain behaviour of jointed rock using a numerical approach

This paper presents the results of a series of numerical experiments using the synthetic rock mass (SRM) approach to quantify the behaviour of jointed rock masses. Field data from a massive sulphide rock mass, at the Brunswick mine, were used to develop a discrete fracture network (DFN). The constructed DFN model was subsequently subjected to random sampling whereby 40 cubic samples, of height to width ratio of two, and of varying widths (0.05 to 10 m) were isolated. The discrete fracture samples were linked to 3D bonded particle models to generate representative SRM models for each sample size. This approach simulated the jointed rock mass as an assembly of fractures embedded into the rock matrix. The SRM samples were submitted to uniaxial loading, and the complete stress–strain behaviour of each specimen was recorded. This approach provided a way to determine the complex constitutive behaviour of large‐scale rock mass samples. This is often difficult or not possible to achieve in the laboratory. The numerical experiments suggested that higher post‐peak modulus values were obtained for smaller samples and lower values for larger sample sizes. Furthermore, the observed deviation of the recorded post‐peak modulus values decreased with sample size. The ratio of residual strength of rock mass samples per uniaxial compressive strength intact increases moderately with sample size. Consequently, for the investigated massive sulphide rock mass, the pre‐peak and post‐peak representative elemental volume size was found to be the same (7 × 7 × 14 m). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

粤西福湖岭混合岩–花岗岩剖面的发现及其意义

作者野外调查发现的广东阳西福湖岭剖面,自上而下呈云母石英片岩→斑点状和条纹状混合岩→条带状混合岩→混合花岗岩(或"脏花岗岩")的连续分带,且不同类型岩石具有不同变形特征,为研究壳内熔融和花岗岩浆形成及大陆流变等提供了不可多得的自然实例。初步测年结果表明,混合岩和花岗岩均形成于415~445 Ma之间,为加里东期的产物。     

壳内熔融与大陆造山——中山大学地质学系成立90周年暨陈国达院士诞辰102周年纪念

本文将造山作用分为地槽褶皱造山和地台(克拉通)活化造山两种类型,并认为两者均起因于板块的汇聚过程。地槽造山是洋壳向陆壳的转换过程,其标志是地槽沉积物初次熔融形成的、以TTG为主的"不成熟花岗岩"产生。板块俯冲过程的能量转换,导致大陆岩石圈内能升高,包括TTG在内的基底地槽构造层的再次熔融(重熔),产生再生或重熔岩浆形成活化造山期的"成熟花岗岩";壳内重熔岩浆层形成和增厚最终导致大陆克拉通发生大规模压缩变形(活化造山)。造山作用的多幕性和花岗岩活动多期性,以及上老下新的花岗岩"层序",被认为主要与板块俯冲过程的能量转换速度有关。     

Nonlinear Behaviour of an Embankment on Floating Stone Columns

This paper describes a benchmark problem for a floating stone columns supported embankment. In the 3D model, a thick soft subsoil deposit represented by Singapore marine clay was treated by floating stone columns to support a 2.0 m high embankment. The 3D numerical results were compared among different constitutive models such as the hardening soil model, soft soil model, modified Cam-clay model and Mohr-Coulomb model, highlighting the effect of non-linearity in the overall performance of the ground structure. The advanced constitutive soil models allow more realistic soil response to be investigated. From the numerical results, the Mohr-Coulomb model with elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain response was able to give comparable total settlements but failed to demonstrate some intrinsic behaviours obtained with advanced soil models. These intrinsic behaviours include the mode of failure, displacements profile, stress transfer mechanism and rate of consolidation. This benchmark example has given us an improved understanding of the performance of floating stone columns when a more realistic soil behaviour is modelled.     

区域地壳结构差异对GRACE-FO反演中国近10个月陆地水负荷垂直形变的影响

利用CSR、JPL、GFZ三家机构最新发布的新一代重力卫星GRACE-FO（GRACE-Follow On）时变重力场模型揭示2018-06~2019-05我国陆地水储量随时间演变的时空特征,研究利用Hard与PREM模型分析区域地球结构差异对GRACE-FO重力数据反演我国近10个月陆地水负荷垂直形变的影响。结果表明,60阶径向负荷勒夫数的相对差异为-4.267%,前60阶垂直负荷形变最大差异位于云南一带的澜沧江流域地区,幅值约为0.7 mm/a。因此在使用GRACE-FO重力卫星数据估算中国大陆地表垂直负荷形变时,区域地球结构的影响不容忽视。     

An analysis on movement patterns between zones using smart card data in subway networks

Identifying zones and movement patterns of people is crucial to understanding adjacent regions and the relationship in urban areas. Most previous studies addressed zones or movement patterns separately without analysing simultaneously the two issues. In this article, we propose an integrated approach to discover directly both zones and movement patterns among the zones, referred to as movement patterns between zones (MZPs), from historical boarding behaviours of passengers in subway networks by using an agglomerative clustering method. In addition, evaluation measures of MZPs are suggested in terms of coverage and accuracy. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is finally demonstrated through a real-world data set obtained from smart cards on a subway network in Seoul, Korea.