Dissolution mechanism of a deep-buried sandstone reservoir in a deep water area: A case study from Baiyun Sag,Zhujiang River (Pearl River) Mouth Basin

Dissolution mechanism and favorable reservoir distribution prediction are the key problems restricting oil and gas exploration in deep-buried layers. In this paper, the Enping Formation and Zhuhai Formation in Baiyun Sag of South China Sea was taken as a target. Based on the thin section, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, porosity/permeability measurement, and mercury injection, influencing factors of dissolution were examined, and a dissolution model was established. Further, high-quality reservoirs were predicted temporally and spatially. The results show that dissolved pores constituted the main space of the Paleogene sandstone reservoir. Dissolution primarily occurred in the coarse- and medium-grained sandstones in the subaerial and subaqueous distributary channels, while dissolution was limited in fine-grained sandstones and inequigranular sandstones. The main dissolved minerals were feldspar, tuffaceous matrix, and diagenetic cement. Kaolinization of feldspar and illitization of kaolinite are the main dissolution pathways, but they occur at various depths and temperatures with different geothermal gradients. Dissolution is controlled by four factors, in terms of depositional facies, source rock evolution, overpressure, and fault activities, which co-acted at the period of 23.8–13.8 Ma, and resulted into strong dissolution. Additionally, based on these factors, high-quality reservoirs of the Enping and Zhuhai formations are predicted in the northern slope, southwestern step zone, and Liuhua uplift in the Baiyun Sag.     

Impact of microorganism degradation on hydrocarbon generation of source rocks: A case study of the Bozhong Sag,Bohai Bay Basin

The discovery of the Bozhong 19-6 gas field, the largest integrated condensate gas field in the eastern China in 2018, opened up a new field for the natural gas exploration deep strata in the Bohai Bay Basin, demonstrating there is a great potential for natural gas exploration in oil-type basins. The ethane isotope of the Bozhong 19-6 condensate gas is heavy, showing the characteristics of partial humic gas. In this paper, aimed at the source rocks of the Bozhong 19-6 gas field in the Bohai Bay Basin, the characteristics of the source rocks in the Bozhong 19-6 structural belt were clarified and the reason are explained from impact of microorganism degradation on hydrocarbon generation of source rocks why the condensate oil and gas had heavy carbon isotope and why it showed partial humic characteristics was explored based on the research of parent materials. The following conclusions were obtained: The paleontology of the Bozhong 19-6 structural belt and its surrounding sub-sags is dominated by higher plants, such as angiosperm and gymnosperm. During the formation of source rocks, under the intensive transformation of microorganism, the original sedimentary organic matter such as higher plants was degraded and transformed by defunctionalization. Especially, the transformation of anaerobic microorganisms on source rocks causes the degradation and defunctionalization of a large number of humic products such as higher plants and the increase of hydrogen content. The degradation and transformation of microorganism don’t transform the terrestrial humic organic matter into newly formed “sapropel” hydrocarbons, the source rocks are mixed partial humic source rocks. As a result, hydrogen content incrased and the quality of source rocks was improved, forming the partial humic source rocks dominated by humic amorphous bodies. The partial humic source rocks are the main source rocks in the Bozhong 19-6 gas field, and it is also the internal reason why the isotope of natural gas is heavy.     

Origin of hydrocarbon fluids and discussion of abnormal carbon isotopic compositions in the Lishui-Jiaojiang Sag,East China Sea Shelf Basin

The hydrocarbon gases in the L1 gas field of the Lishui-Jiaojiang Sag have been commonly interpreted to be an accumulation of pure sapropelic-type thermogenic gas. In this study, chemical components, stable isotopic compositions, and light hydrocarbons were utilized to shed light on the origins of the hydrocarbon fluids in the L1gas pool. The hydrocarbon fluids in the L1 gas pool are proposed to be a mixture of three unique components:mid-maturity oil from the middle Paleocene coastal marine Lin...     

珠江口盆地恩平凹陷CO2成藏特征与成藏过程

珠江口盆地恩平凹陷北部潜山披覆带首次发现了规模富集的CO2气层,但分布局限,平面上主要分布在A油田1井区,纵向上主要分布在珠江组上段,其次是珠海组,其他层系和构造高点未见CO2富集.CO2气藏含量普遍在92％以上,δ13C为?8.735‰～?3.024‰,3He/4He介于5.75×10?6～8.16×10?6之间,为...     

敦煌盆地五墩凹陷侏罗系层序地层格架与沉积体系分布

敦煌盆地是一个处于石油勘探早期阶段的中生代的断陷盆地,油气资源勘探潜力较大,搭建层序地层格架、阐明沉积体系分布是发现油气资源的基础.本文利用露头、钻测井、岩心和地震资料,综合考虑构造演化、物源体系、岩心特征等多种因素,明确了敦煌盆地五墩凹陷侏罗系沉积相类型及分布规律.研究表明,本次研究的主要目的层中下侏罗统可以划分为2...     

第四纪洞庭盆地安乡凹陷及西缘构造-沉积特征与环境演化

通过地表观察和钻孔资料,对洞庭盆地安乡凹陷及其西缘第四纪构造沉积特征和环境演化进行了研究,为江汉—洞庭盆地第四纪地质研究补充了新的资料。凹陷总体呈南北向,周边为正断裂。凹陷内第四系厚一般为100~220 m,最厚达300 m,自下而上依次为早更新世华田组、汨罗组,中更新世洞庭湖组,晚更新世坡头组和全新世湖冲积。第四系以砾石层、砂层为主,次为(含)粉砂质黏土、黏土,岩性、岩相横向变化大。安乡凹陷西缘(即太阳山隆起东缘),呈自西向东缓倾的丘岗地貌。区内主要发育中更新世白沙井组,其中南部下部以砂、砾石层为主,上部为黏土;北部以粉砂质黏土沉积为主,下部可发育砂层。根据地貌、沉积及控凹断裂特征,重塑安乡凹陷及其西缘第四纪构造活动与环境演化过程:早更新世—中更新世早期,凹陷西边的北北东向周家店断裂伸展活动,安乡凹陷不均匀沉降,总体具河流和过流性湖泊环境并接受沅水沉积;同期凹陷西缘构造抬升,处于剥蚀的山地环境。中更新世中期断陷活动向西扩展,凹陷区为过流性湖泊环境;凹陷西缘地区转为河流(南部)和湖泊(北部)环境并接受沉积。中更新世晚期安乡凹陷及其西缘整体抬升并遭受剥蚀,凹陷西缘同时具有自西向东的掀斜。晚更新世安乡凹陷拗陷沉降,具河流和湖泊环境;同期凹陷西缘遭受剥蚀。晚更新世末受区域海平面下降影响,安乡凹陷遭受剥蚀。全新世安乡凹陷拗陷沉降,具泛滥平原之河流、湖泊环境。     

昌潍坳陷潍北凹陷孔二段优质烃源岩成因与分布

昌潍坳陷潍北凹陷烃源岩分布在孔二段(即始新统孔店组二段),包括暗色泥岩、灰质泥岩和油页岩3种类型,前人对灰质泥岩和油页岩的生烃贡献未进行深入研究。利用有机地球化学方法结合热模拟实验对潍北凹陷各种类型烃源岩品质进行分析,研究表明油页岩和灰质泥岩有机质丰度较高、干酪根类型主要为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ1型,为优质烃源岩;暗色泥岩有机质类型和丰度较差,基本为无效烃源岩。优质烃源岩集中分布在孔二上亚段下部和孔二中亚段上部的油页岩和灰质泥岩中,平面上分布在瓦城断阶带东部和灶户鼻状构造带,与已发现油气藏具有良好的对应性。古生物学标志、古盐度及古氧相分析表明孔二段烃源岩形成于内陆咸化湖泊沉积环境。郯庐断裂带左—右旋转换期构造活动强度较弱和晚古新世到早始新世期间发生的大陆分离事件造成的温暖湿润气候促成了优质烃源岩的发育。     

东濮凹陷现今地温场分布特征

在9口井连续测温资料的基础上,对东濮凹陷现今地温场进行了研究。东濮凹陷的地温梯度代表值为34℃/km,平均大地热流值为58.4 mW/m²。现今地温场的展布主要受地质构造格局的控制,为北东—北北东向,与盆地构造走向一致,总体分布是相同层位东部次凹和西部次凹的地温高,中央隆起和西部斜坡带地温相对低。现今地温对烃源岩的油气生成有重要的控制作用,东部次凹和西部次凹的石炭-二叠系现今仍处于二次生烃阶段,是上古生界有利的二次生烃区。     

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷新近系馆陶组沉积特征

南堡凹陷位于渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷北部，新近系馆陶组是该凹陷的重要勘探层段。馆陶组以辫状河沉积为主，中段发育曲流河沉积。其油气勘探的首要问题是优质储集砂体的精确对比及有利盖层分布预测。根据高分辨率层序地层学理论以及录井和测井资料，对馆陶组的层序地层样式、沉积特征和储盖组合进行了分析。研究结果表明，该地层具有两种短期旋回和四个中期旋回。在两种短期旋回中，一种是低可容纳空间的非对称旋回，另一种是高可容纳空间的对称旋回。四个中期旋回中，两个以上升半旋回为主体(MSC1、MSC2)，一个是对称旋回(MSC3)，一个以下降半旋回为主体(MSC4)。短、中期旋回均以非对称旋回为主。该地层的长期基准面具有缓慢上升而后快速下降的特点。从MSC1到MSC4旋回，沉积相呈现出冲积扇-辫状河→辫状河-曲流河→曲流河-辫状河相组合的演化过程。自北向南，各中期旋回的可容纳空间增大，沉积主体由砾质河道渐变为砂质河道。由于受基准面中期旋回格架控制，南堡凹陷馆陶组发育上、中、下三套储盖组合。上部储盖组合，因其储、盖层条件最好，应是馆陶组最重要的油气勘探层系。     

河套盆地古气候演化与生物气勘探

河套盆地呼和坳陷第四系具有浅层生物气形成的基本地质条件,而更新统孢粉化石的研究在该区相对薄弱.根据该区和1井第四系更新统孢粉化石资料的分析,讨论了孢粉组合特征,建立了6个孢粉组合带,即松-藜-石松孢粉带、松-蒿-藜科孢粉带、松-藜科-云杉孢粉带、松-菊科-藜科孢粉带、松-菊科-香蒲孢粉带及松-云杉-木犀孢粉带.河套盆地早更新世气候从干冷-温干-略温干-偏凉湿变化,中更新世气候从偏凉湿-偏暖湿-干冷变化,晚更新世又从略暖向干冷变化,其气候演化特征为生物气藏的形成奠定了基本条件.