西藏冈底斯带石炭纪—二叠纪岛弧造山作用：火山岩及地球化学证据

系统研究了西藏冈底斯带石炭纪—二叠纪火山岩的时空分布、岩相学、元素及Sr、Nd、Pb 同位素地球化学和构造环境、源区性质,并与喜马拉雅带二叠纪火山岩进行了对比研究。冈底斯带石炭纪—二叠纪火山岩近东西向集中分布在冈底斯构造带中北部地带,空间上从东至西火山活动的强度和规模渐次减小,时间上从早至晚火山活动的强度和规模总体由弱到强。冈底斯带石炭纪—二叠纪火山岩形成于活动大陆边缘的岛弧构造环境,从早到晚岛弧造山作用经历了初始岛弧→早期岛弧→成熟岛弧的发展演变过程,火山岩浆来源于富集型地幔部分熔融作用,原始岩浆在形成和演化的过程中有俯冲洋壳及随带的深海沉积物和再循环进人地慢的地壳物质组分的强烈混染,明显不同于受地壳物质组分强烈混染的喜马拉雅带二叠纪陆缘裂陷型火山岩。综合研究冈底斯带及其邻区近年来的最新调查与研究成果,从北向南拟建了石炭纪—二叠纪冈底斯岛弧→雅鲁藏布江弧后裂谷盆地→喜马拉雅陆缘裂陷盆地的弧盆系时空结构演化模式,探讨了冈瓦纳大陆北缘石炭纪—二叠纪活动大陆边缘的岛弧造山作用与青藏高原古特提斯演化的耦合关系及其动力学机制,讨论了冈底斯带松多乡榴辉岩的形成过程。     

演化中的裂谷带——五大连池火山岩带

小古里河—科洛—五大连池—二克山新生代火山岩带是一条富钾火山岩带。文中重点论述了以下4点内容:(1)火山岩及其包体中存在典型的地幔交代作用;(2)根据火山岩K2O/Na2O比值勾画出富钾火山岩带范围;(3)地幔气体的绝热膨胀导致"冷泉和冻土现象";(4)地震活动的现状。论证了NNW走向的五大连池火山岩带是新生代初始的大陆裂谷,它们切穿了大兴安岭北北东向构造带。进一步从岩浆演化的趋势认为五大连池裂谷带将持续演化而不会夭折。     

The Epi－continental arc of Southeast China and relevant earthquakes

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北京及邻区微震活动的初步分析

通过对北京遥测地震台网近年来记录到的北京及邻区地震的震中分布,地震活动频度及能量释放强度的分析,得到本区地震活动在时间分布上具有“聚堆性”。在年发震频度,地震强度和能释放方面均具有双峰值特征,并且具有较好的一致性和同步性,在空间分布上具有条带特征,且形成北东～南西和北西～南东的两条相互交汇的条带。又通过统计分析得到本区发震概率最大的时间段是每年的１０月前后,而地震主要发生在北西～南东带上。     

SOME NEW UNDERSTANDINGS OF LAND-SURFACE PROCESSES IN ARID AREA FROM THE HEIFE*

The survey for the HEIFE(Atmosphere-Land Surface Processes Experiment at Heihe River Basin,Western China) is given in the paper.The following basic subjects for land-surface processes in arid areas are studied:(1) the general characteristics of the energy budget on ground surface in arid areas;(2) the parameterization of the land surface processes;(3) the interaction between oasis and its desert circumstances,a special phenomenon in arid areas.The analysis shows that the sensible heat flux in the surface energy budget is in the majority,and the latent heat flux may be neglected.The influence of atmospheric stratification stability on the turbulent transfer of energy and substance must be considered in parameterization of land surface processes in arid areas.The "cold island effect" phenomenon in oasis and the "humidity inversion" phenomenon in desert near oasis are the result of the interaction between them.The results would improve the understanding of land surface processes in arid areas.     

Formation of the mid-fifteenth century Kuwae caldera (Vanuatu) by an initial hydroclastic and subsequent ignimbritic eruption

In the mid-fifteenth century, one of the largest eruptions of the last 10 000 years occurred in the Central New Hebrides arc, forming the Kuwae caldera (12x6 km). This eruption followed a late maar phase in the pre-caldera edifice, responsible for a series of alternating hydromagmatic deposits and airfall lapilli layers. Tuffs related to caldera formation ( 120 m of deposits on a composite section from the caldera wall) were emitted during two main ignimbritic phases associated with two additional hydromagmatic episodes. The lower hydromagmatic tuffs from the precaldera maar phase are mainly basaltic andesite in composition, but clasts show compositions ranging from 48 to 60% SiO₂. The unwelded and welded ashflow deposits from the ignimbritic phases and the associated intermediate and upper hydromagmatic deposits also show a wide compositional range (60–73% SiO₂), but are dominantly dacitic. This broad compositional range is thought to be due to crystal fractionation. The striking evolution from one eruptive style (hydromagmatic) to the other (magmatic with emission of a large volume of ignimbrites) which occurred either over the tuff series as a whole, or at the beginning of each ignimbritic phase, is the most impressive characteristic of the caldera-forming event. This strongly suggests triggering of the main eruptive phases by magma-water interaction. A three-step model of caldera formation is presented: (1) moderate hydromagmatic (sequences HD 1–4) and magmatic (fallout deposits) activity from a central vent, probably over a period of months or years, affected an area slightly wider than the present caldera. At the end of this stage, intense seismic activity and extrusion of differentiated magma outside the caldera area occurred; (2) unhomogenized dacite was released during a hydromagmatic episode (HD 5). This was immediately followed by two major pyroclastic flows (PFD 1 and 2). The vents spread and intense magma-water interaction at the beginning of this stage decreased rapidly as magma discharge increased. Subsequent collapse of the caldera probably commenced in the southeastern sector of the caldera; (3) dacitic welded tuffs were emplaced during a second main phase (WFD 1–5). At the beginning of this phase, magma-water interaction continued, producing typical hydromagmatic deposits (HD 6). Caldera collapse extended to the northern part of the caldera. Previous C¹⁴ dates and records of explosive volcanism in ice from the south Pole show that the climactic phase of this event occurred in 1452 A.D.     

论南岭成矿带大宝山斑岩型铜矿的特殊性及其勘查意义

广东省大宝山矿床是南岭成矿带唯一的大型铜多金属矿床，此次研究在矿区中南部发现了细脉浸染状铜矿的新类型。为确定其是否为斑岩型铜矿的成因类型，本文在梳理南岭成矿带铜成矿条件和成矿规律的基础上，查明了矿区中南部英安斑岩的蚀变和铜矿化特征。综合研究认为南岭成矿带早侏罗世中酸性斑岩的小岩体较多，叠加多期断裂构造和碳酸盐岩建造，非常有利于铜多金属成矿物质的运移、富集。大宝山英安斑岩发育黑云母化、钾长石化、青磐岩化、绢英岩化、泥化等蚀变类型，铜矿化与绢英岩化、绿泥石化关系密切。大宝山铜矿中的英安斑岩沿逆冲推覆构造侵位并呈岩墙状产出，冷却过程中受区域构造应力产生了一组平行裂隙，岩浆房去气作用排出的热液沿裂隙蚀变围岩并充填成矿。大宝山斑岩型铜矿取得的找矿勘查成果表明，“全位成矿，缺位找矿”理念可以有效指导靶区圈定和老矿山外围（深部）找矿勘查，早侏罗世的南岭具有形成较大规模斑岩型铜矿的条件。     

杨山晚古生代沉积盆地成因类型及其与桐柏-大别造山带关系的探讨

杨山晚古生代沉积盆地位于桐柏-大别山北麓,它具有明显的前陆盆地沉积特点,由早期(D₂?—C₁)的复理石建造到晚期(C₁—P?)的磨拉石建造;古生物地理分析表明其与华北、扬子陆块都有密不可分的联系,其间不可能有古洋盆的存在,因而它应当是桐柏一大别造山带碰撞造山过程中形成的前陆盆地。杨山晚古生代前陆盆地的形成说明,扬子陆块和华北陆块的陆-陆碰撞起始于晚泥盆世之前(S₃—D₂),而桐柏-大别造山带中生代的构造事件则可能代表一次大规模陆内逆冲-推覆作用。     

成都城市发展对热岛强度影响的主成份回归分析

本文对成都市总人口、建成区面积等11个因子、作了主成份回归L-S估计和M-估计,讨论了成都城市发展对“热岛”强度的主要影响因子。结果表明,城区房屋建筑面积及总人口数是影响城市气候(气温)的主要因子,其次为城市人口总户数、建成面积等。 文中,对回归方程进行了拟合计算,回归效果比较满意(尤其是稳健回归)。     

云南大地热流及地热地质问题

本文报道了云南20多个大地热流测试数据。据热流分布特点并参考前人有关资料,结合地球物理测深资料、岩石热物性与放射性生热率测试数据,对各区地壳深度范围的温度、热流配分组成作了粗略分析,划分出各有特征的若干地质-热流区。云南普遍地热偏高(滇东南小范围除外)的主要原因是新构造运动强烈;怒江以西近代岩浆活动亦强烈,具有典型的板块交汇带的基本地热特点