Surface alteration of basalt due to cation-migration

Basaltic lava from Kilauea, Hawaii may have a red-brown surface, indicative of Fe-(hydr)oxides. This surface is not found where exposed to weathering, but at the interface between lava lobes, or in the interior of lava channels. We use several analytical techniques to determine how these Fe-(hydr)oxide surfaces may have developed. WDS-elemental distribution line profiles from the lava surface towards the lava′s interior detect an Fe-rich film of less than 5 μm thickness. Heat treatment of quenched, fresh lava samples of the same chemical composition between 600–1,090°C helps to replicate temperatures under which such an Fe-rich film might have formed. These experiments suggest that Fe-enrichment occurs above 1,020°C, whereas at lower temperatures Ca is enriched relative to Fe. One sample was treated below the glass transition temperature, at 600°C for 164 h. A depth profile with secondary neutral mass spectrometry shows an enrichment of Mg at the outer 50 nm of the glass surface. The formation of films requires cation migration, which is driven by an oxygen chemical potential between air and the reduced basalt (Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ ratio of 13.3). The change of surface alteration from Mg to Ca film at lower temperatures, to predominantly Fe at high temperatures, is determined by a change of cation availability, largely controlled by crystallization that already occurs below 850°C, and volume crystallization that occurs above 925°C.     

大同市万泉河流域玄武岩地下水开发研究

玄武岩为一孔隙、裂隙双重介质 ,在特殊的条件下 ,为良好的含水层。大同市万泉河流域玄武岩分布广泛 ,其玄武岩地下水具有良好的开发前景。根据该区玄武岩分布埋藏条件、地下水赋存规律 ,探讨了开发的可能性 ,并用解析法进行了水资源评价。     

橄榄岩蛇纹石化过程中氢气和烷烃的形成

蛇纹石化过程中形成氢气、烷烃和有机酸,为海底热液区生命活动提供物质和能量来源,可能对地球和其他行星早期生命起源和演化有重要影响。目前关于蛇纹石化过程中氢气和烷烃形成的研究大多以橄榄石为初始物,且温度和压力较低(≤300℃,500bar)。本研究通过一系列的水热实验,研究300~500℃、1~3kbar时橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石、橄榄岩、玄武岩以及玄武岩与橄榄岩混合物发生蛇纹石化反应后氢气和烷烃的生成。300℃、3kbar时,橄榄石蛇纹石化后产生的氢气远大于辉石蚀变后产生氢气的量。随着温度的增加,400~500℃、3kbar时,橄榄石蚀变程度极低,产生氢气的量低于斜方辉石。单斜辉石实验后没有发生蚀变,不产生氢气和烷烃。400~500℃、3kbar时,橄榄岩蛇纹石化后产生的氢气和烷烃远高于橄榄石、斜方辉石和单斜辉石。玄武岩蛇纹石化后生成氢气和甲烷的量低于橄榄岩,但与玄武岩和橄榄岩混合物相当。这是因为玄武岩的单斜辉石蚀变后形成富铁的透辉石(~8.1%FeO),透辉石的Fe以Fe2+为主,这降低了Fe3+和氢气的量。以上表明,橄榄岩的蛇纹石化不同于橄榄石和斜方辉石。不仅是海底热液蚀变产生氢气和甲烷,洋壳俯冲过程中地幔楔橄榄岩蛇纹石化也会生成氢气和甲烷,但由于洋壳玄武岩的加入,氢气和甲烷的量会远小于橄榄岩蚀变时的量。     

俄罗斯Kurile-Kamchatka地区安山质熔体的成分、挥发分组成和微量元素

Melt inclusions in minerals from some volcanoes of the Kurile-Kamchatka region were examined.The studied basaltic andesites and andesites were sampled from volcanoes of the Central Kamchatka depression(Shiveluch and Bezymyannyi),Eastern Kamchatka volcanic belt(Avachinskii and Karymskii),and Iturup Island,Southern Kuriles(Kudryavyi).Basalts of the 1996 eruption of the Karymskii volcanic center and dacites of Dikii Greben'volcano,Southern Kamchatka were also studied.More than 260 melt inclusions from 31 rock samples were homogenized,and quenched glasses were analyzed using electron and ion microprobes.The compositions of melt inclusions in andesitic phenoerysts vary in silica contents from 56 to 80wt%.Al_2 O_3 ,FeO,MgO,CaO decrease and Na_2O and K_2O increase with increasing SiO_2.Many inclusions(about 80% )are dacitic or rhyolitic.However,the compositions of silicic glasses(>65wt% SiO_2)in andesites significantly differ in TiO2,FeO,MgO,CaO,and K_2O contents from those in dacites and rhyolites.High-potassium melts(K_2O 3.8～6.8wt% )with various SiO_2 from 51.4 to 77.2wt% were found in minerals of all volcanoes studied.This indicates a contribution of a component selectively enriched in potassium to magmas of the whole region.A great compositional diversity of melt inclusions in plagioelase phenocrysts from the Bezymyannyi andesites suggests a complex history of plagioclase crystallization and magma evolution in the andesite formation.Melts from different volcanoes strongly vary in volatile contents.The highest H_2O contents are found in the melts from Shiveluch(3.0～7.2wt%,4.7wt% on average)and Avachinskii (4.7～4.8wt%);while those are lower in melts of Kudryavyi(0.1～2.6wt% ),Dikii Greben'(0.4～1.8wt%),and Bezymyannyi (<1wt%).Chlorine contents are also variable.The lowest values are found in the Bezymyannyi melts(0.09wt% on average),the highest Cl contents are typical of melt inclusions in minerals from the Karymskii andesites(0.26wt% on average).The melts from Avachinskii,Dikii Greben',Kudryavyi,and Shiveluch show intermediate Cl contents(0.13～0.20wt% ).The pressure of 350～1600 bar determined by CO_2 fluid inclusions in plagioclase from the Shiveluch andesites suggests a magma chamber at a depth of 1.5～6 km. Concentrations of 17 elements were determined in glasses of melt inclusions in plagioclases from five volcanoes(Avachinskii, Bezymyannyi,Dikii Greben',Kudryavyi,and Shiveluch).The studied melts show similar trace-element patterns with Nb and Ti minima and B,K,Be,and Li maxima.The melts are close to typical island arc magmas by Sr/Y,La/Yb,K/Ti,and Ca/St ratios, and have some specific regional geochemical features.REE patterns sensitive to degree of magma differentiation indicate that Kudryavyi magmas are most primitive,while Shiveluch magmas are most evolved.     

Applicability of large-ion lithophile and high field strength element basalt discrimination diagrams

Basalt discriminant diagrams have been used to identify the tectonic setting of basaltic magmatism since the 1970s and have played an important role in reconstructing paleotectonic environments. However, the significant increase in the availability of geochemical data has led to a reassessment of these diagrams, suggesting that some of the tectonic settings indicated by these diagrams are not accurate. Here, we use a database of global ocean island basalt (OIB), mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB), and island arc basalt (IAB) geochemistry to propose a series of new tectonic discriminant diagrams based on the ratios of large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs) to high field strength elements (HFSEs). These new diagrams indicate that the LILE can be used to differentiate OIB, MORB, and IAB samples, meaning that LILE/HFSE ratios can discriminate between these basalts that form in different tectonic settings. Our new diagrams can correctly assign samples to OIB, MORB, and IAB categories more than 85% of the time, with the discrimination between OIB and MORB having an accuracy of slightly less than 85%.     

雷州半岛玄武岩残积土的物质成分与结构特征

雷州半岛玄武岩残积土属于区域性特殊土,具有高液限、大孔隙比的较差的物理特性和高强度的较优的力学特性的异常组合,同时具有强收缩性、遇水湿化、易崩解的特殊性质。为探寻玄武岩残积土特殊的工程地质特性的机理,对其矿物成分、化学成分、结构形态、孔隙分布进行研究。结果表明,雷州半岛玄武岩残积土发育过程经历明显的富铝化、铁富集和盐淋失过程,黏土矿物以高岭石、三水铝石和伊利石为主,富含游离氧化铁、铝成分; 微观结构类型为凝块结构和絮凝结构,游离氧化铁作为胶结物质以包膜形式包裹颗粒形成团聚体,增强了土的结构强度; 孔隙以溶蚀孔隙以及团粒和絮凝体内微孔为主,微孔具有较大的比表面积和吸附能,吸水会产生较大的表面张力,引发软化、崩解现象。由于雷州半岛玄武岩残积土具有对水敏感,抗水性差特点,施工中应重点关注降雨引发的工程灾害。     

Automated identification of basalt spectra in Clementine lunar data

The identification of fresh basalt spectra plays an important role in lunar stratigraphic studies; however, the process can be time consuming and labor intensive. Thus motivated, we developed an empirically derived algorithm for the automated identification of fresh basalt spectra from Clememtine UVVIS data. This algorithm has the following four parameters and limits: BC Ratio=3(R950−R900)/(R900−R750)<1.1, CD Delta=(R1000−R950)/R750−1.09(R950−R900)/R750>0.003 and <0.06, B Slope=(R900−R750)/(3R750)<−0.012, and Band Depth=(R750−R950)/(R750−R415)>0.1, where R750 represents the unnormalized reflectance of the 750 nm Clementine band, and so on. Algorithm results were found to be accurate to within an error of 4.5% with respect to visual classification, though olivine spectra may be under-represented. Overall, fresh basalts identified by the algorithm are consistent with expectations and previous work in the Mare Humorum area, though accuracy in other areas has not yet been tested. Great potential exists in using this algorithm for identifying craters that have excavated basalts, estimating the thickness of mare and cryptomare deposits, and other applications.     

贵州西部玄武岩分布区大麦地金矿成矿地质特征

大麦地金矿为赋存于峨眉山玄武岩组与茅口组之间因区域构造和热液蚀变作用形成的构造蚀变体（Sbt）中的原生中型金矿床,位于贵州西部峨眉山玄武岩分布区盘县莲花山背斜南东翼.本文系统总结大麦地金矿详查成果,以期对莲花山背斜区域原生金矿找矿提供参考,初步认为贵州西部玄武岩分布区原生金矿找矿具有较大的潜力.     

Geodynamic significance of the Cretaceous pillow basalts from North Anatolian Ophiolitic Mélange Belt (Central Anatolia,Turkey): geochemical and paleontological constraints

The most widespread blocks within the Cretaceous ophiolitic mélange (North Anatolian ophiolitic mélange) in Central Anatolia (Turkey) are pillow basalts, radiolarites, other ophiolitic fragments and Jurassic-Cretaceous carbonate blocks. The pillow basalts crop out as discrete blocks in close relation to radiolarites and ophiolitic units in Cretaceous ophiolitic mélange.

The geochemical results suggest that analyzed pillow basalts are within-plate ocean island alkali basalts. The enrichment of incompatible elements (Nb, Ta, Light REE, Th, U, Cs, Rb, Ba, K) demonstrates the ocean island environment (both tholeiites and alkali basalts) and enriched MORB. Dated calcareous intrafills and biodetrital carbonates reveal an age span of Callovian—Early Aptian. The thin-shelled protoglobigerinids, belonging to the genus Globuligerina, in the calcareous intrafills between pillow basalt lobes indicates a Callovian—Barremian age interval, most probably, Valanginian to Late Barremian. The volcanic and radiolarite detritus-bearing orbitolinid—Baccinella biodetrital carbonates dated as Late Barremian-Early Aptian in age, were probably deposited around atolls and have a close relationship with the ocean island pillow basalts.

The results collectively support the presence of a seamount on the Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust during the Valanginian—Late Barremian and atolls during the Late Barremian-Early Aptian interval. The presence of an oceanic crust older than that seamount along the Northern Branch of Neo-Tethys is conformable with the geodynamic evolution of the Tethys.