部分优化处理宝石颜色稳定性研究

选用市场上常见的紫红色、橙色、粉色、绿色、黑色处理珍珠,粉橙色、金黄色铍扩散蓝宝石,充胶翡翠作为研究对象,通过设计耐久性实验,对样品颜色的稳定性进行了研究。结果显示,充胶翡翠和铍扩散蓝宝石在日晒、盐雾及人工汗液中均表现出了良好的颜色稳定性;处理珍珠在盐雾环境中表现出了较好的稳定性,在模拟日光照射试验中褪色明显,而经过人工汗液腐蚀,其颜色表现出了较差的稳定性。对样品颜色稳定性的研究,可以为优化处理宝石的市场准入提供一定的依据。     

Modelling lake stage and water balance of Lake Tana,Ethiopia

The level of Lake Tana, Ethiopia, fluctuates annually and seasonally following the patterns of changes in precipitation. In this study, a mass balance approach is used to estimate the hydrological balance of the lake. Water influx from four major rivers, subsurface inflow from the floodplains, precipitation, outflow from the lake constituting river discharge and evapotranspiration from the lake are analysed on monthly and annual bases. Spatial interpolation of precipitation using rain gauge data was conducted using kriging. Outflow from the lake was identified as the evaporation from the lake's surface as well as discharge at the outlet where the Blue Nile commences. Groundwater inflow is estimated using MODular three‐dimensional finite‐difference ground‐water FLOW model software that showed an aligned flow pattern to the river channels. The groundwater outflow is considered negligible based on the secondary sources that confirmed the absence of lake water geochemical mixing outside of the basin. Evaporation is estimated using Penman's, Meyer's and Thornwaite's methods to compare the mass balance and energy balance approaches. Meteorological data, satellite images and temperature perturbation simulations from Global Historical Climate Network of National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration are employed for estimation of evaporation input parameters. The difference of the inflow and outflow was taken as storage in depth and compared with the measured water level fluctuations. The study has shown that the monthly and annually calculated lake level replicates the observed values with root mean square error value of 0·17 and 0·15 m, respectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三种典型POPs对紫贻贝不同组织DNA损伤的比较研究

采用彗星电泳技术,比较研究了Aroclor 1254、BaP、DDT三种典型POPs对紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)鳃、性腺、消化腺细胞的DNA损伤效应的差异,以期为进一步评价这三种典型POPs遗传毒理机制及其预警监测提供科学依据.结果表明,Tail DNA%是评价DNA损伤的理想指标,另外,在急性毒性试验中,...     

Satellite remote sensing and conceptual cloud modeling for convective rainfall simulation

Motivated by the need for rainfall prediction models in data scarce areas, we adapted a simple storage based cloud model to use routinely available thermal infrared (TIR) data. The data is obtained from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) of the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG-2) satellite. Model inputs are TIR cloud top temperatures at 15-min intervals and observations of pressure, temperature, and dew point temperatures from ground-based stations at 30-min intervals. The sensitivity of the parsimonious cloud model to its parameters is evaluated by a regional sensitivity analysis (RSA) which suggests that model performance is sensitive to few parameters. The model was calibrated and tested for four convective events that were observed during the wet season in the source basin of the Upper Blue Nile River. The difference between the simulated and the observed depth of the selected rain events varies between 0.2 and 1.8 mm with a root mean square error of smaller than 0.5 mm for each event. It is shown that the updraft velocity characteristic can provide relevant information for rainfall forecasting. The simulation results suggest the effectiveness of the model approach as evaluated by selected performance measures. The various characteristics of the rainfall events as simulated generally match to observed counter parts when ground-based and remote sensing observations are combined.     

Future seagrass beds: Can increased productivity lead to increased carbon storage?

While carbon capture and storage (CCS) is increasingly recognised as technologically possible, recent evidence from deep-sea CCS activities suggests that leakage from reservoirs may result in highly CO₂ impacted biological communities. In contrast, shallow marine waters have higher primary productivity which may partially mitigate this leakage. We used natural CO₂ seeps in shallow marine waters to assess if increased benthic primary productivity could capture and store CO₂ leakage in areas targeted for CCS. We found that the productivity of seagrass communities (in situ, using natural CO₂ seeps) and two individual species (ex situ, Cymodocea serrulata and Halophila ovalis) increased with CO₂ concentration, but only species with dense belowground biomass increased in abundance (e.g. C. serrulata). Importantly, the ratio of below:above ground biomass of seagrass communities increased fivefold, making seagrass good candidates to partially mitigate CO₂ leakage from sub-seabed reservoirs, since they form carbon sinks that can be buried for millennia.     

Marine science and blue growth: Assessing the marine academic production of 123 cities and territories worldwide

The role of academic research in the economic growth process has been widely considered over the last two decades in the theoretical and empirical literature, particularly around the concept of knowledge-based economy. Meanwhile, the very recent notion of “blue growth” and the significant development potential related to marine environments have gained more and more concern for policy makers on different scales. It is therefore interesting to assess the academic research related to marine issues, owing to its potential contribution to this dynamics growth through knowledge transfers and academic spillovers. This paper provides a global evaluation of the marine academic production, using a spatialized, open and transdisciplinary approach. In particular, this approach is to mobilize indicators to assess scientific production, transpose it to the territorial scale and make a global comparison of “research territories” in the case of marine science, with a specific focus on European cities. The results show that the five main centres are Tokyo (Japan), Paris (France), San Diego (USA), Moscow (Russia) and Woods Hole (USA). A dense European territorial coverage in marine science centres also appears, and new world major centres such as Chinese and Brazilian ones emerge.     

Solutions to blue carbon emissions: Shrimp cultivation,mangrove deforestation and climate change in coastal Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, export-oriented shrimp farming is one of the most important sectors of the national economy. However, shrimp farming in coastal Bangladesh has devastating effects on mangrove forests. Mangroves are the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics, and blue carbon (i.e., carbon in coastal and marine ecosystems) emissions from mangrove deforestation due to shrimp cultivation are accumulating. These anthropogenic carbon emissions are the dominant cause of climate change, which in turn affect shrimp cultivation. Some adaptation strategies including Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), mangrove restoration, and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) could help to reduce blue carbon emissions. Translocation of shrimp culture from mangroves to open-water IMTA and restoration of habitats could reduce blue carbon emissions, which in turn would increase blue carbon sequestration. Mangrove restoration by the REDD+ program also has the potential to conserve mangroves for resilience to climate change. However, institutional support is needed to implement the proposed adaptation strategies.     

福建明溪蓝宝石矿物学特征及致色机理探讨

利用颜色测量、顺磁共振谱、红外光谱和热谱等方法研究明溪蓝宝石的矿物学特征和结构特性，明溪蓝宝石色深，蓝中带黄，二色性强，分析表明Fe主要以Fe^3 形式存在，Fe^3 的d-d电子跃迁和Fe^2 -Ti^4 、O-Fe境塌菏转移是明溪蓝宝石致色的主要因素；H含量对蓝色的形成有重要作用。     

蓝宝石的蓝色色调差异之初探

目前市场上蓝宝石主要有二种成因 ,即碱性玄武岩中岩浆成因和由侵入体与白云质大理岩接触交代成因。着重从成矿的地球化学特征 ,温度、压力等成矿条件方面 ,探讨两种成因蓝宝石成分中钛、铁含量的不同而影响蓝宝石蓝色色调的差异。     

黑龙江红蓝宝石的矿物学特征

在黑龙江红蓝宝石物理性质、光学性质和化学成分研究基础上 ,对红蓝宝石致色因素进行了初步探讨 ,认为黑龙江红蓝宝石按颜色可以划分为红色、蓝色两个系列共 12种颜色 ,其物理性质、光学性质和化学成分具有明显区别。波谱分析表明 ,红色宝石的颜色由铬、镍、铁致色元素引起 ,蓝色宝石的颜色由铁、钛致色元素引起 ,其颜色浓淡和色调变化的主要原因在于铁的含量和Fe3 /Fe2 比值