Petrologic constraints on the decompression history of magma prior to Vulcanian explosions at the Soufrière Hills volcano,Montserrat

A series of 88 Vulcanian explosions occurred at the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, between August and October, 1997. Conduit conditions conducive to creating these and other Vulcanian explosions were explored via analysis of eruptive products and one-dimensional numerical modeling of magma ascent through a cylindrical conduit. The number densities and textures of plagioclase microlites were documented for twenty-three samples from the events. The natural samples all show very high number densities of microlites, and > 50% by number of microlites have areas < 20 μm². Pre-explosion conduit conditions and decompression history have been inferred from these data by comparison with experimental decompressions of similar groundmass compositions. Our comparisons suggest quench pressures < 30 MPa (origin depths < 2 km) and multiple rapid decompressions of > 13.75 MPa each during ascent from chamber to surface. Values are consistent with field studies of the same events and statistical analysis of explosion time-series data. The microlite volume number density trend with depth reveals an apparent transition from growth-dominated crystallization to nucleation-dominated crystallization at pressures of ∼ 7 MPa and lower. A concurrent sharp increase in bulk density marks the onset of significant open-system degassing, apparently due to a large increase in system permeability above ∼ 70% vesicularity. This open-system degassing results in a dense plug which eventually seals the conduit and forms conditions favorable to Vulcanian explosions. The corresponding inferred depth of overpressure at 250–700 m, near the base of the dense plug, is consistent with depth to center of pressure estimated from deformation measurements. Here we also illustrate that one-dimensional models representing ascent of a degassing, crystal-rich magma are broadly consistent with conduit profiles constructed via our petrologic analysis. The comparison between models and petrologic data suggests that the dense conduit plug forms as a result of high overpressure and open-system degassing through conduit walls.     

The gas content and buoyancy of strombolian ash plumes

Plinian plumes erupt with a bulk density greater than that of air, and depend upon air entrainment during their gas-thrust phase to become buoyant; if entrainment is insufficient, the column collapses into a potentially deadly pyroclastic flow. This study shows that strombolian ash plumes can be erupted in an initially buoyant state due to their extremely high initial gas content, and in such cases are thus impervious to column collapse. The high gas content is a consequence of decoupled gas rise in the conduit, in which particles are ultimately incidental. The relations between conduit gas flow, eruption style and plume density are explored here for strombolian scenarios and contrasted with conventional wisdom derived from plinian eruptions. Considering the inherent relation between gas content and initial plume density together with detailed measurements of plume velocities can help unravel ambiguities surrounding conduit processes, eruption styles and hazards at poorly understood volcanoes. Analysis of plume dynamics at Santiaguito volcano, Guatemala adds further support for a model involving decoupled gas rise in the conduit.     

含油气盆地成藏动力学研究综述

成藏动力学是石油地质领域一个研究热点，是一门新兴的学科，目前在国内外均没有明确、统一的定义。笔者介绍了成藏动力学的产生、发展与研究现状，论述了成藏动力学的定义、划分原则、类型及命名等基本内容，并总结出了其研究思路和方法，指出了成藏动力学下一步研究的主要内容和发展趋势。认为在进一步认识与油气成藏密切相关的化学动力学、流体动力学过程和机理的基础上，实现盆地温度场、压力场、应务场的耦合和流体流动、能量传递和物质搬动的三维模拟，是成藏动力学的重要发展方向。     

水利经济系统运行评价指标的动力学模型

根据最优控制理论,建立了相应于工程动力系统中能量指标的水利经济系统运行效益的动力学评价模型,提出了水利经济系统的“弹性”、“质量”等模态特征量及“动能”、“势能”等系统特征量的表达形式,并应用于江苏水利经济系统的实证分析,计算结果反映了所建能量指标的合理性与可行性.     

Solution and econometric estimation of spatial dynamic models in continuous space and continuous time

 This paper presents and demonstrates a general approach to solving spatial dynamic models in continuous space and continuous time that characterize the behaviour of intertemporally and interspatially optimizing agents and estimating from discrete data the parameters of such models. The approach involves the use of a projection method to solve the models and a quasi-Newton algorithm to update quasi-FIML parameter estimates. Received: 26 July 2000 / Accepted: 31 January 2001     

南京砂的液化与判别

南京砂是一种以片状颗粒成分为主的粉细砂，与土动力学试验中常用的圆形颗粒标准石英砂有一定的差别。片状颗粒成分使得南京砂具有各向异性的性质，其水平向强度小于垂直向强度。因此，在同样的标贯击数下，南京砂比标准砂易于液化，在采用基于标准砂的研究结果作为液化判别标准时，可能会高估这种砂的抗液化能力。文章在总结南京砂液化研究资料的基础上，阐明了南京砂液化的特点，提出了南京砂液化的判别式。     

孕震介质水动力学性质对前兆场影响的研究

提出了纵向非均匀、饱含液体多孔介质孕震动力学方程组的数值解法。为了考虑非弹性效应，对该方程组采用增量形式求解。提供了当存在垂直力源和纵向非均匀时，定量分析研究垂直剖面上的地震孕育过程及其前兆变化机制的方法和软件。选用了一个饱含液体的双层地壳模型，运用所研制的软件计算分析了介质孔隙度、渗透率等地壳水动力学性质对前兆场的影响。研究发现，孕震介质孔隙度的大小对前兆场的分布可以产生显著影响。孔隙度较大时，非弹性体积膨胀（前兆）的出现和变化一开始仅局限于断层附近区域，同时非弹性膨胀（前兆）持续的时间（前兆持时）占总孕震时间的比率较大；孔隙度较小时，非弹性体积膨胀除在紧靠断层的区域内孕震早期会出现非弹性膨胀（前兆）外，在离断层较远的区域内早期也会出现前兆异常。介质渗透率对前兆场的影响主要表现在：当其它条件完全相同，仅介质渗透率不同时，较低的渗透率会推迟前兆异常的发生，同时使前兆异常首先在断层附近出现，然后向外扩展，并且使孕震过程变长；而当渗透率较高时，前兆异常一开始便会展布在断层周围及其远离断层的较大范围内。     

从成矿构造动力学探讨脉状金矿床成矿深度

在综述国内外与韧性剪切带有关的脉状金矿床成矿动力学的新近研究成果后,根据成矿控矿构造动力学特征及其与成矿流体运移机制、矿物结晶特点的关系认为矿物结晶发生于地震微破裂导致成矿流体压力骤降后的低压力阶段,由矿物包裹体压力并按静岩压力梯度推算的成矿深度要明显小于矿床的实际成矿深度.本文提出一种新的成矿深度估算方法,其估算的成矿深度与目前大多数脉状金矿床中石英具有明显的韧性变形的特点相吻合.     

钦州湾水下动力地貌特征

钦州湾水下动力地貌主要有潮间浅滩、河口沙坝、潮沟、潮流沙脊、潮流冲刷深槽、水下拦门浅滩、水下斜坡。该文阐述钦州湾的入海河流、潮汐、潮流、波浪等水动力的基本特征 ,分析水下地貌类型的形成及其空间分布和沉积物组成 ,并探讨动力地貌形成原因与机理及海岸动态变化趋势。