Valent state and coordination of cobalt Ions in beryl and chrysoberyl crystals

We have studied the polarized optical absorption and EPR spectra of Co-doped beryls grown by hydrothermal, flux, and gas-transport methods, and chrysoberyl grown by the Czochralski method. In beryls three groups of bands, belonging to three various Co centers, were distinguished by analysis of the absorption band intensities. The first group, bands with maxima at 22 220 (E c), 17 730 (E c), and 9090 (E c), 7520 (E c) cm^–1 are due to Co²⁺ in octahedral site of Al³⁺. The second group is bands at 18 940, 18 250, 17 700 (E c), 18 300, 17 700, 17 000 (E c) and 8830 (E c), 7350 (E c) cm^–1 and 5320 (E c), 3880 (E c) cm^–1, which are caused by Co²⁺ in tetrahedral site of Be²⁺. A weak wide band in flux and gas-transport beryl in the region of 12 500–8300 cm^–1 (E , c) is related to Co³⁺ in octahedral Al³⁺ site. In hydrothermal beryl, bands 13 200 (E c), 10 900 (E c), and 8500 (E c) cm^–1 are caused by an uncontrolled impurity of Cu²⁺ ions. For Co-doped chrysoberyl one type of center of Co has been established: Co²⁺ in the octahedral site of Al³⁺. In the approximation of the trigonal field with regard to Trees correction, the energy levels of Co²⁺ have been calculated in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination. There is good agreement between the obtained experimental and calculated data. The polarization dependence of the optical absorption bands is explained well in terms of the spin-orbit interaction.     

Influence of annealing conditions on impurity species in arsenic-doped HgCdTe grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Based on our previous work, the influence of annealing conditions on impurity species in in-situ arsenic (As)-doped Hg_1-xCd_xTe (x≈ 0.3) grown by molecular beam epitaxy has been systematically investigated by modulated photoluminescence spectra. The results show that (i) the doped-As acting as undesirable shallow/deep levels in as-grown can be optimized under proper annealing conditions and the physical mechanism of the disadvantage of high activation temperature, commonly assumed to be more favourable for As activation, has been discussed as compared with the reports in the As-implanted HgCdTe epilayers (x≈ 0.39), (ii) the density of V_textrmHg has an evident effect on the determination of bandgap (or composition) of epilayers and the excessive introduction of V_Hg will lead to a short-wavelength shift of epilayers, and (iii) the V_textrmHg prefers forming the V_Hg-As_Hg complex when the inactivated-As (As_Hg or related) coexists in a certain density, which makes it difficult to annihilate V_Hg in As-doped epilayers. As a result, the bandedge electronic structures of epilayers under different conditions have been drawn as a brief guideline for preparing extrinsic p-type epilayers or related devices.     

东秦岭卢氏稀有金属伟晶岩的绿柱石矿物学特征及其指示意义

绿柱石是重要的铍矿石矿物,记录了花岗伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床的成岩成矿过程。东秦岭伟晶岩区是我国重要的稀有金属产地之一。本文调查了东秦岭卢氏伟晶岩区中的南阳山矿区(703号脉锂矿化伟晶岩和302号脉铍矿化伟晶岩)、七里沟-前台矿区(前台锂矿化伟晶岩)、蔡家沟矿区(大西沟和韭菜沟锂矿化伟晶岩)和瓦窑沟矿区(西山沟和瓦窑沟铍矿化伟晶岩)的伟晶岩内部结构分带,认为东秦岭稀有金属伟晶岩主要为过铝质LCT型伟晶岩,属于稀有金属(REL)类REL-Li亚类。其中,703号脉、韭菜沟和大西沟伟晶岩属复杂型锂辉石亚型,前台伟晶岩属钠长石-锂辉石型,302号脉、瓦窑沟和西山沟伟晶岩属绿柱石型绿柱石-铌铁矿亚型。电子探针结果表明绿柱石富碱金属,贫铁和镁。绿柱石元素替代机制包括通道-八面体替代、通道-四面体替代以及通道中碱金属阳离子间的置换。西山沟和瓦窑沟绿柱石的替代机制分别是Na(Fe~(2+),Mg)_(-1)Al_(-1)和NaLi_(-1)Be_(-1)。302号脉、前台、大西沟和韭菜沟绿柱石的替代机制为(Na,Cs) Li_(-1)Be_(-1)。703号脉绿柱石的替代机制包括NaFe~(2+)_(-1)Al_(-1)、NaCs_(-1)和(Na,Cs)Li_(-1)Be_(-1)。绿柱石的Cs2O含量和Na/Cs值揭示伟晶岩分异演化程度序列(由低至高)为瓦窑沟矿区→302号脉铍矿化伟晶岩→蔡家沟矿区→前台→703号脉锂矿化伟晶岩。铍矿化伟晶岩岩浆分异演化程度低于锂矿化伟晶岩岩浆。背散射图像显示绿柱石内部分带多样,包括均一结构、条带状、正/反蚀变边、补丁分带和复杂不规则分带。与铍矿化伟晶岩相比,锂矿化伟晶岩产出的绿柱石内部分带复杂多样,反映更为强烈的液相不混溶和交代作用。随伟晶岩岩浆分异演化程度升高,绿柱石FeO含量降低,内部分带更为复杂,发育蚀变边结构、补丁分带和不规则分带等。绿柱石FeO含量和内部分带特征可作为花岗伟晶岩分异演化程度的潜在指示标志。锂矿化伟晶岩中绿柱石的化学组成和内部分带特征表明岩浆就位时是高度分异演化的稀有金属伟晶岩岩浆。大西沟、韭菜沟和前台锂矿化伟晶岩岩浆就位后未经历明显分异演化过程,而南阳山703号脉伟晶岩岩浆就位后经历了较充分的分异演化,导致稀有金属的进一步富集。锂矿化伟晶岩的稀有金属成矿机制是结晶分异和液相不混溶。     

双向晶体旋转仪的研制及其在矿物学研究中的应用

本文介绍了双向晶体旋转仪的原理及研究情况，以及应用它研究金刚石，红宝石处在非立方对称时的杂质氮和铬的实验结果。     

Stratigraphic variation of complex impurities in platform limestones and possible significance of atmospheric dust: a study with emphasis on gamma-ray spectrometry and magnetic susceptibility outcrop logging (Eifelian-Frasnian, Moravia, Czech Republic)

Mineral dust and other constituents of Devonian atmospheric aerosols together with certain amounts of aquatic suspensions of riverine detrital origin, colloidal particle dispersions and seawater solutes were embedded in ~95–98% (or purer) limestones on a consistently subsiding isolated carbonate platform where they formed very complex impurity systems. Very low Th/U values, relative abundance of Fe but a slight excess of K typically characterize these ultrafine impurities which are mineralogically dominated by smectite–illite and mica (sericite) together with goethite. In vertical section, these impurities are arranged like incremental series of light and dense bands. The combined method of natural gamma-ray spectrometric and magnetic susceptibility measurements (GRS–MS) together with background of major and trace element analyses provided first systematic insights into fine-scale variability of these impurities in a pile of pure carbonate platform beds, mostly in inner platform Amphipora limestone facies. These carbonates were deposited close to sea level but far from river mouths, and they represented a certain sort of a relatively “independent” medium that was primarily sensitive to climatically (and by rare events) controlled input of atmospheric dust. A remarkable similarity of MS stratigraphic patterns that reflect the quantity and quality of embedded impurities in very distant and paleogeographically separated Devonian basins might be seen as supporting this viewpoint. A long composite stratigraphic section of the Moravian Karst ranges from mid-Eifelian to end-Frasnian levels and yields a number of time characterizing GRS–MS variations that can potentially serve as templates for high-resolution stratigraphic correlations over long distances.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

Light-absorbing impurities on Keqikaer Glacier in western Tien Shan: concentrations and potential impact on albedo reduction

Light-absorbing impurities on glaciers are important factors that influence glacial surface albedo and accelerate glacier melt. In this study, the quantity of light-absorbing impurities on Keqikaer Glacier in western Tien Shan, Central Asia, was measured. We found that the average concentrations of black carbon was 2,180 ng/g, with a range from 250 ng/g to more than 10,000 ng/g. The average concentrations of organic carbon and mineral dust were 1,738 ng/g and 194 μg/g, respectively. Based on simulations performed with the Snow Ice Aerosol Radiative model simulations, black carbon and dust are responsible for approximately 64% and 9%, respectively, of the albedo reduction, and are associated with instantaneous radiative forcing of 323.18 W/m2(ranging from 142.16 to 619.25 W/m2) and 24.05 W/m2(ranging from 0.15 to69.77 W/m2), respectively. For different scenarios, the albedo and radiative forcing effect of black carbon is considerably greater than that of dust. The estimated radiative forcing at Keqikaer Glacier is higher than most similar values estimated by previous studies on the Tibetan Plateau, perhaps as a result of black carbon enrichment by melt scavenging. Light-absorbing impurities deposited on Keqikaer Glacier appear to mainly originate from central Asia, Siberia, western China(including the Taklimakan Desert) and parts of South Asia in summer, and from the Middle East and Central Asia in winter.A footprint analysis indicates that a large fraction(60%) of the black carbon contributions on Keqikaer Glacier comes from anthropogenic sources. These results provide a scientific basis for regional mitigation efforts to reduce black carbon.     

山东蒙阴金刚石的"似玛瑙状"生长结构及氮、氢杂质分布的不均一性

阴极发光(CL)技术可揭示金刚石生长结构、阶段和过程.利用该技术首次发现蒙阴金刚石中罕见的"似玛瑙状"生长结构,并分析了该典型结构的特征和生长机制.该样品定向切片的傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)微区分析表明,氮、氢杂质分布不均一,从生长中心至边缘,总氮含量和B中心百分数逐渐降低,但变化幅度较小;氢浓度呈不规则振荡,边缘区最高.该生长结构和杂质不均一特点揭示了金刚石生长过程中熔/流体的参与作用和生长条件、环境的复杂性.     

从含镍废触媒中回收镍的工艺实验

合镍废触媒原料经H2S04二次浸取，调节PH值，加沉淀剂除铁、重金属、铝等杂质，蒸发结晶，生产硫酸镍，产品质量达到国家一类标准，镍的总回收率达到92．3％。     

乌梁素海冰封期湖泊冰盖组构特征对污染物分布的影响

为探究富营养化浅水湖泊季节性冰盖污染物分布规律,于2013-2014年冰封期,钻取乌梁素海湖泊冰盖冰芯试样,观测冰厚并对冰芯晶体结构、气泡含量、污染物浓度(总氮、总磷和COD_(Cr))进行分析.结果表明:冰盖可分为4层,中间2层冰晶体粒径较大且气泡含量较少,为冰盖热力生长区.冰盖以柱状晶体居多,粒径随深度增加而增加,气泡含量随冰盖密度增加而减少.冰盖结构特征与污染物分布具有相关关系,冰芯密度及气泡分布与总氮、总磷和COD_(Cr)相关关系分别为0.8965、0.8718、0.8184,并建立多元回归模型揭示冰封期湖泊水质特征,为季节性湖泊冰盖研究及冰封期湖泊水资源规划和管理提供理论依据.     

川西扎乌龙伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床的锂、铍矿物学特征及其对成矿作用的指示

扎乌龙花岗伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床位于四川省和青海省交界处, 其西部矿体被称为青海草陇矿床, 是我国西部松潘-甘孜稀有金属成矿带的重要组成。扎乌龙矿床Li₂O资源储量预估高达157万t, 最主要的锂、铍矿石矿物为绿柱石和锂辉石。前人以扎乌龙伟晶岩脉内多阶段的流体包裹体为研究对象, 着重剖析了其岩浆热液演化过程。然而, 迄今为止尚缺乏锂铍矿物学和同位素方面的研究来加深对该矿床岩浆热液演化及成矿作用方面的理解。14号钠长石-锂辉石型伟晶岩脉是扎乌龙花岗伟晶岩型矿床出露面积最大、锂储量最高的伟晶岩脉, 也是研究该稀有金属矿床成矿作用过程的理想对象。该伟晶岩脉具有一定的内部分带性, 由边部至核部分为: 石英-白云母带(Ⅰ带)、微斜长石-钠长石带(Ⅱ带)、钠长石-锂辉石带(Ⅲ带)和石英-锂辉石带(Ⅳ带)。绿柱石和锂辉石矿物结构和化学组成表明, 扎乌龙14号脉锂铍矿化主要可划分为两个阶段: 第一阶段为岩浆阶段, 主要形成均一或振荡环带结构的原生绿柱石和锂辉石; 第二阶段为热液阶段, 主要表现为流体与原生矿物发生再平衡, 原生锂辉石发生蚀变形成云母等矿物, 原生绿柱石边部和内部缝隙产出相对富Cs₂O或Na₂O含量的次生绿柱石。14号伟晶岩中原生和次生绿柱石的Cs₂O含量(0.71%~2.28%)均低于世界上许多其他Li-Ta-Cs伟晶岩脉, 表明其岩浆结晶分异程度相对较低。Ⅲ和Ⅳ带原生锂辉石均呈现出不均匀的δ⁷Li值(-1.70‰~1.67‰), 表明锂辉石结晶于流体出溶的环境。次生锂辉石相对略低的δ⁷Li值(-1.90‰~-0.03‰)表明了热液阶段锂的再活化沉淀对于锂同位素组成产生了一定的影响。次生绿柱石较原生绿柱石的Cs₂O含量增加有限, 热液作用未形成高度富铯或锂的矿物如铯馏石和锂云母, 表明热液作用对于原生稀有金属矿物的改造有限。总体而言, 与加拿大Tanco和可可托海3号脉伟晶岩相比, 扎乌龙14号脉伟晶岩熔体的分异程度较低, 出溶的富Cs流体有限, 未发生较大规模的晚阶段热液交代作用, 成矿作用以伟晶岩熔体的结晶作用为主。