Geomorphology of coal seam fires

Coal fires occur in underground natural coal seams, in exposed surface seams, and in coal storage or waste piles. The fires ignite through spontaneous combustion or natural or anthropogenic causes. They are reported from China, India, USA, South Africa, Australia, and Russia, as well as many other countries. Coal fires lead to loss of a valuable resource (coal), the emission of greenhouse-relevant and toxic gases, and vegetation deterioration. A dangerous aspect of the fires is the threat to local mines, industries, and settlements through the volume loss underground. Surface collapse in coal fire areas is common. Thus, coal fires are significantly affecting the evolution of the landscape. Based on more than a decade of experience with in situ mapping of coal fire areas worldwide, a general classification system for coal fires is presented. Furthermore, coal seam fire geomorphology is explained in detail. The major landforms associated with, and induced by, these fires are presented. The landforms include manifestations resulting from bedrock surface fracturing, such as fissures, cracks, funnels, vents, and sponges. Further manifestations resulting from surface bedrock subsidence include sinkholes, trenches, depressions, partial surface subsidence, large surface subsidence, and slides. Additional geomorphologic coal fire manifestations include exposed ash layers, pyrometamorphic rocks, and fumarolic minerals. The origin, evolution, and possible future development of these features are explained, and examples from in situ surveys, as well as from high-resolution satellite data analyses, are presented. The geomorphology of coal fires has not been presented in a systematic manner. Knowledge of coal fire geomorphology enables the detection of underground coal fires based on distinct surface manifestations. Furthermore, it allows judgments about the safety of coal fire-affected terrain. Additionally, geomorphologic features are indicators of the burning stage of fires. Finally, coal fire geomorphology helps to explain landscape features whose occurrence would otherwise not be understood. Although coal fire-induced thermal anomalies and gas release are also indications of coal fire activity, as addressed by many investigators, no assessment is complete without sound geomorphologic mapping of the fire-induced geomorphologic features.     

南秦岭观花坪铜银矿床地质特征及找矿标志

观花坪铜银矿床位处南秦岭成矿带中段,矿床产于下寒武-中奥陶统石瓮子组碳酸盐岩建造与中泥盆统大枫沟组碎屑岩建造"不整合接触界面"附近,区域上具明显的层控特征;但在矿区范围内,铜银矿体则严格受断裂破碎带控制,矿体均赋存于叠加在不整合面的断裂破碎带中,明显具后生成矿作用的特点。笔者通过对矿床地质特征、矿体地质特征和矿石特征的研究,结合区域地质背景的分析认为,铜银矿床为多期次多成矿阶段叠加形成的复杂矿床,特别是南秦岭华力西期与印支期—燕山期的构造-岩浆热事件与本区铜银矿床的形成关系密切。     

广东河台整装勘查区百旁金矿成矿规律

百旁金矿是广东地质五队近年来新发现的一处中型蚀变糜棱岩型金矿。百旁金矿地处粤西—桂东成矿带东段NE向罗定—广宁断裂带北东端部位,矿体受糜棱岩带内面理、裂隙带控制;金矿化具明显的以硅化、硫化物为中心的对称性分布特征,金矿体具有平行斜列、侧伏的分布规律,表现为向NE向侧伏;区内金矿化富集主要与热液活动有关,燕山期的重熔花岗岩侵入的同时伴随有富含硫化物的含金热液充填在糜棱岩、断裂带内而成矿。     

Key signatures of turbidite and sandy debris and core examples in Liaohe Basin

Gravity flow is a widely-distributed fluid type in nature. Various classification schemes of gravity flow are proposed by different researchers from different viewpoints. The scheme of turbidity flow and debris flow is adopted in this paper. The sedimentary characteristics of turbidite and sandy debrite are summarized and discussed to clarify most typical facies marks of these two rock types. The study shows that turbidite and sandy debris can be identified by the following typical characteristics during the outcrop and core observation: If the graded bedding is developed in sandstone,it should be identified as turbidite;if the muddy rip-up clast or no bedding structure(massive sandstone)is developed in sandstone,it should be identified as sandy debris. These characteristics are the most reliable signatures to distinguish turbidite and sandy debris. In addition,some other sedimentary structures such as deformation bedding,climbing ripple cross bedding,wavy bedding,parallel bedding,scouring surface,lithologic abrupt interface,and flute cast also have certain indicative significance. It is necessary to make a comprehensive judgment based on the sedimentary background,vertical combination of lithofacies,geophysics and other materials when these characteristics are presented in the study.     

陆相盆地层序地层学研究中几个问题的探讨

将层序地层学理论应用于陆相盆地研究仍处于探索阶段。陆相盆地的层序界面、最大洪泛面和首次洪泛面的识别标志都有别于海相地层。依据层序地层学理论和对松辽盆地的探索性研究, 对陆相盆地提出了层序界面、最大洪泛面和首次洪泛面的识别标志。     

基于水下多目标定位的目标识别和辨析处理

在水下多目标的定位过程中,对不同目标发射源的标识和分辨是非常关键的一部分。介绍一种方法,即在目标发射数据的文件头加上一个目标号进行标识。在数据处理中采用三级顺序的数据分离,层层提取,能够分辨出不同目标定位所需的数据。     

堆积阶地古老滑坡识别方法及其在线状工程地质勘察中的应用

阶地型古老滑坡体形成后,长期受各种营力影响,导致古老滑坡地貌形态破坏严重甚至消失。目前遥感技术和普通工程地质调绘很难发现这些滑坡的存在,给工程建设和后期运营造成较大安全隐患。为准确识别形态特征不明显的古老滑坡体,从阶地物质结构特征演变入手,找到阶地受剪切破坏产生的典型物质结构特征,将地层结构错断、卵砾石异常定向排列、摩擦镜面和泥包粒的眼球构造等作为滑坡准确识别依据。首先采用沿沟谷进行工程地质测绘的纵横交错追踪法确定滑坡体纵向范围和滑面形状,再结合地貌特征推测各级、块滑坡平面范围和分布,最后用点状勘探工程验证和校正推测结论。可将其总结为由"地貌异常、沿沟追踪、面上推断、点状校验"组成的阶地型滑坡识别方法,即物质结构异常推断法。结合线状工程勘察设计各阶段工作特点,提出线状工程前期工作中阶地型滑坡识别步骤,并在临渭高速公路工程建设项目中取得成功应用。     

东营凹陷现河地区沙三段震积岩特征及其意义

在区域构造背景研究和岩芯观察的基础上,在东营凹陷现河地区沙三段地层中识别出震积岩。震积岩的主要标志是发育各种类型的软沉积变形构造,包括微阶梯状正断层、层内小褶皱、扭曲变形、振动液化砂岩脉、震塌岩等。通过对河152井、王59井、牛38井、牛22井等井岩芯的系统观察,发现由于构造和地震强度的不同,震积岩的垂向序列有所不同,并进一步研究了各种震积岩构造特征与地震强度的关系,研究表明不同的震积岩构造特征对应不同的地震强度,进一步确定了与古地震的关系。通过对本区储层分析,认为震积岩可以作为一种有效的储集空间。这些研究为东营凹陷构造演化研究、震积岩的识别和描述以及成藏提供了重要的地质理论依据,并可为该区古地震研究提供依据。      

Bench development along the regulated,lower River Dee,UK

Channel change to regulated flows along large lowland rivers with cohesive bank materials has been investigated on the lower Welsh Dee, including the tidally influenced reach. Reduction of channel width has involved the formation of a 5–40m wide discontinuous bench, often linking ‘point’ and ‘concave’ locations. Map evidence shows that wide benches occur where historically the channel had migrated laterally; narrow benches were found at stable channel locations. Auger cores of the bench deposits clearly differentiated the two contrasting depositional environments within meandering rivers: ‘point bench’ and ‘concave bench’. Around an individual bend a morphologically continuous bench showed a gradient in sediment characteristics from coarser sediments (point locations) to finer organic deposits (concave locations); it also showed a topographic gradient, gaining 0.5m in elevation around the bend suggesting that bench accretion at concave locations is faster than at point locations in fluvially dominated reaches. Such patterns are suggested to have important implications for riparian ecosystems. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Philopatry and dispersal of juvenile leervis Lichia amia (Teleostei: Carangidae) tagged in a warm-temperate South African estuary

Understanding and characterising movement and area-use patterns of fishes within estuaries, as well as understanding the degree of connectivity between estuaries and the marine environment, can provide important insights into a species’ ecology, which is fundamental for effective management and conservation. Mark-and-recapture data obtained from the 082 TAG FISH Project, a dart-tagging programme, were used to describe movement patterns of juvenile leervis Lichia amia in the permanently open Swartkops Estuary, South Africa, as well as the degree of connectivity with the adjacent marine environment. A total of 628 juvenile leervis were tagged from 2008 to 2015, of which 77 fish (12.3%) were recaptured, with juveniles comprising 85.7% of all measured recaptures. The majority of recaptures (75.3%) were made within the Swartkops Estuary, indicating estuarine philopatry, with 23.4% having moved less than 1 km, revealing site fidelity, but most (51.9%) displaying estuarine roaming. A smaller portion of recaptures (27.7%) had dispersed to other habitats; 16 (20.8%) displayed multiple-habitat connectivity, while only 3 (3.9%) had undertaken long-distance movements (>100 km) and were recaptured up to 825 km northeast of the Swartkops Estuary. Lichia amia that had moved greater distances were characterised by a greater mean size and age at the time of recapture. This study provides valuable information on the philopatry and dispersal of juvenile L. amia.