激光扫描多三维视图的全自动无缝镶嵌

三维激光扫描点云在建筑物场景配准中存在同名特征难以区分、投票匹配算法复杂度高等问题。为此,提出了一种基于平面基元组的建筑物场景点云自动配准方法。平面基元组被定义为具有近似相同法向量的点云面集合。该方法从点云中提取平面基元,根据平面法向量方向,划分平面基元组,然后借助基元组搜索同名平面,利用单位四元数法估计转换参数。实验结果表明,该方法适用于建筑物场景,能够实现点云的自动配准。     

基于重整化群方法的红层软岩损伤破坏逾渗阈值研究

逾渗现象广泛存在于大自然中,当物体中起决定性作用的关键变量变化至某一阈值时,其状态发生突变,此时关键变量的临界值称为逾渗阈值。岩石在水的作用下的损伤破坏过程中存在着逾渗现象,可通过重整化群的方法来研究。本文针对华南地区广泛分布的红层软岩,探讨了其在损伤过程中的逾渗现象与破坏的本质关联。通过对典型红层软岩的微观结构分析,概化出红层软岩的骨架构件和胶结物构件,建立红层软岩的重整化群模型的基本单元,将基本单元进行组合,建立出红层软岩的重整化群模型。根据重整化变换规则,推导计算出其逾渗阈值。研究表明:当红层软岩在荷载条件下的破坏临近逾渗阈值时,其内部结构发生大量破坏,软岩内部从无序损伤突变为有序损伤,继之损伤破坏加剧,由稳定破坏向非稳定破坏突变,最终导致其失稳破坏。研究对揭示红层软岩损伤破坏机理具有重要意义。     

大别-苏鲁及其邻近地区基于背景 噪声的勒夫波群速度成像

大别-苏鲁造山带是中国大陆东部地区最重要的构造之一. 为了研究该地区的地壳上地幔速度结构,本文收集了国家数字地震台网和中国区域地震台网的山东、河南、安徽、江苏和湖北等省的144个宽频带地震台连续两年(2009年5月—2011年5月)的水平向地震记录(E分量和N分量)数据,首先对台站对之间E-E,E-N,N-N和N-E分量进行互相关,然后分别对这4个互相关分量采用相位权重叠加法进行叠加,最后旋转到横向分量(T-T)获得勒夫波经验格林函数(EGF);用频时分析(FTAN)方法获得4000余条勒夫波群速度频散曲线,并进一步反演得到了周期为6—40s的勒夫波群速度分布图.结果表明,周期为6—10s的勒夫波群速度分布与地表构造特征相吻合.大别造山带、苏鲁造山带、湖北西部隆起均表现为高速;华北盆地发育,表现为大面积的低速;江汉盆地、南襄盆地、合肥盆地等因其规模不同而显示不同程度的低速.在周期为6—30s的勒夫波群速度分布图上,大别和苏鲁地区均显示高速,已有的研究结果中地壳的低速并没有得到反映.其原因一方面可能与勒夫波群速度纵向分辨不高有关,另一方面高压变质岩深度分布可能比已有研究结果给出的要深. 6—30 s的分布图上郯庐断裂带及其邻近地区表现为不同程度的高速,可能与该地区白垩纪以来处于拉张构造体制,地幔物质受到扰动,造成物质上涌有关.     

长株潭城市化进程中极端降水变化特征

利用陕西省延安市12个气象站建站至2013年7月的降水资料和延安市降水引发的地质灾害资料,从1 h、3 h、6 h、12 h、日最大降水量、3 d连续最大降水量和月降水量等方面分析了延安市2013年7月连续降水的极端性和致灾特点。结果表明：延安市2013年7月全市平均降水量419 mm,为1 000 a一遇极端降水。过程累积地质灾害次数(D_L)和过程累计降水量(R_L)关系密切,两者关系可以用分段函数描述。延安市R_L＜137 mm时,无群发地质灾害;137mm≤R_L＜200 mm且日降水量(R_R)＜50 mm时,有群发地质灾害但较少;R_L≥200 mm或200 mm＞R_L≥137 mm且R_R≥50 mm时,群发地质灾害多。经济比较发达、防灾减灾能力较强的延安市宝塔区2013年7月降水量568 mm,超过1 000 a一遇,其R_L＜332 mm时,无群发地质灾害;R_L≥332 mm时,群发地质灾害多。

     

金川铜镍硫化物矿床中铂族矿物的主要类型和产出特征: 热液蚀变过程中铂族元素的富集机理

金川铜镍硫化物矿床是我国最主要的铂族元素（PGE）资源产地,其矿石受热液蚀变作用影响明显,并产出多种铂族矿物（PGM）。岩浆演化和热液蚀变过程中PGE的迁移富集机制和PGM的成因,一直是研究PGE地球化学行为非常关注的问题。本文对金川铜镍硫化物矿床中PGM的研究发现,其主要类型包括含PGE的硫砷化物（硫砷铱矿）和砷化物（砷铂矿）,Pd的铋化物、碲化物和硒化物,以及少量其他铂族矿物。其中,硫砷铱矿可包裹于各种贱金属硫化物（镍黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿和黄铜矿）中,表明硫砷铱矿可能结晶于早期的含As硫化物熔体,随后被包裹于硫化物熔体冷凝分异产生的单硫化物固溶体（MSS）和中间硫化物固溶体（ISS）中。硫化物熔体中的As可能主要通过地壳混染作用加入幔源岩浆。大量铋钯矿（PdBi）呈微细乳滴状包裹于黄铜矿中,为晚期ISS冷凝形成黄铜矿过程中出溶的产物。少量铋钯矿（PdBi₂）呈不规则状充填于矿物裂隙,与次生磁铁矿脉紧密共生,并随矿石的蚀变程度增加,铋钯矿的化学成分由PdBi逐渐向PdBi₂转变,表明这部分铋钯矿为后期热液蚀变产物。铋碲钯矿和钯的硒化物则主要产出于镍黄铁矿裂隙且与次生磁铁矿紧密共生,指示明显的热液成因。钯的硒化物的出现表明,岩浆期后酸性、高盐度、高氧逸度的富Cl^-流体对金川铜镍硫化物矿床中Pd的迁移和富集起到了关键控制作用。

     

A multidirectional semi‐analytical method for analysis of laterally loaded pile groups in multi‐layered elastic strata

A semi‐analytical method for calculating the response of single piles and pile groups subjected to lateral loading is developed in this paper. Displacements anywhere in the soil domain are tied to the displacements of the piles through decay functions. The principle of virtual work and the calculus of variations are used to derive the governing differential equations that describe the response of the piles and soil. The eigenvalue method and the finite difference technique are used to solve the system of coupled differential equations for the piles and soil, respectively. The proposed method takes into account the soil surface displacement along and perpendicular to the loading direction and produces displacement fields that are very close to those produced by the finite element method but at lower computational effort. Compared with the previous method that considered only the soil displacement along the loading direction, accounting for the multi‐directional soil displacement field produces responses for the piles and soil that are closer to those approximated by the finite element method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Scaling procedures for heterogeneous unconfined aquifers

Complex flows in heterogeneous confined and unconfined aquifers is a phenomenon that continues to present difficulties in flow mapping and modelling in the field, laboratory, and through numerical simulations. It is often the case with complicated phenomena that transformative scaling and reduction of the problem through symmetry is of great efficacy in the formation of predictive models in both the laboratory and computational settings. A detailed a study of the application of a broad class of Lie scaling transformations on a set of equations representing the groundwater flows in heterogeneous confined and unconfined aquifers has produced a set of scaling relationships between the spatial variables, hydrologic variables, and parameters. The set of scaling transformations preserve the structure of the equations in the sense that the scaling transformations leave the initial‐boundary value system representing the invariant groundwater flows. This theoretical approach elucidates not only the scaling relationships but also the properties that hydrologic variables and parameters must satisfy in order for calling to be possible. Validation of the theory developed is carried out through a series of four numerical simulations using the USGS modflow ‐2005 software package. The results of these experiments demonstrate that the derived scaling transformations can effectively form predictive models of large‐scale phenomena at small scales with negligible error in many cases. Comments on the limitations of the approach and directions for future research are made in the closing sections. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Is Darwin's ‘Abominable Mystery’ still a mystery today?

Darwin described the Cretaceous diversification and subsequent rapid rise of flowering plants (angiosperms) as an “abominable mystery”: how could they have achieved worldwide ecological dominance by early Paleogene times when the oldest angiosperm fossils are only Cretaceous in age? However, recent phylogenetic and palaeobiogeographical analyses have suggested a much earlier, perhaps Triassic origin for the stem angiosperms. We suggest that the fossil record is accurately reflecting the rapid diversification of the crown angiosperms that molecular data suggests occurred in Cretaceous–early Palaeogene times, and which coincides with similar explosive diversifications that occurred in other parts of the terrestrial biota including insects, birds and mammals. Early, stem angiosperms are poorly represented in the fossil record for a combination of taphonomic and ecological reasons. We conclude that the reported evidence shows that the Darwin's “mystery” is in fact no mystery and confirms that it merely requires an appropriate reading of the fossil record.     

东北大三江盆地群早白垩世存在统一湖盆的沉积学证据

大三江盆地群位于黑龙江省东部,中生代以来经历了多期构造运动,形成现今各自分割的10余个残余盆地。由于缺乏关键性证据,前人对大三江地区早白垩世是否存在统一湖盆存在争议。本次研究通过野外地质调查和钻井岩心观察,认为盆地总体缺乏边缘相沉积,并且主要以三角洲平原亚相和滨浅湖亚相为主。古水流恢复和重矿物特征显示,研究区主要存在西部和西北部、东部以及东南部三大物源体系,并且平面上具有由四周向中心汇聚的特征。地震资料反射特征显示下白垩统具有典型的断陷-坳陷复合结构,坳陷时期地层由各盆地中心至边部未出现明显的地层减薄现象,现今的盆地边界断裂多为后期对盆地进行改造、破坏的逆冲断裂。这些证据都是对大三江地区早白垩世存在统一湖盆的有力支撑。本研究不仅能为大三江盆地群原型盆地的恢复提供重要依据,也将为东北盆地群油气资源远景评价和进一步的勘探部署提供参考。     

吉林白山刘家堡子狼洞沟金银矿床地球化学特征及成因探讨

通过对刘家堡子-狼洞沟金银矿床地质、成矿元素和同位素地球化学特征的分析和研究,发现矿区内近EW向和NE向断裂构造是主要容矿构造;最佳找矿元素前缘晕组合为As-Sb-Zn,矿上晕元素组合为Au-Ag-Pb-Hg,尾晕元素组合为Ni-Cu-Co;成矿作用中,古老基底中元古宙老岭群变质岩系为成矿提供了丰富的物质来源,而燕山期构造岩浆活动在提供成矿物质的同时还提供了热动力。刘家堡子-狼洞沟金银矿床应划属为与燕山晚期超浅成中酸性岩浆岩有关的中低温热液构造裂隙充填型金银矿床。