广西陆川-博白成矿带多期次岩浆活动与钨钼成矿作用

广西陆川-博白成矿带是华南西南部重要的钨钼成矿带。在该带中先后发现了米场、安垌、油麻坡、三叉冲等与白垩纪复式花岗岩关系密切的中—大型钨钼矿。本文对米场、安垌岩体进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石学、全岩地球化学和Sm-Nd同位素研究。米场岩体主要由中粗粒角闪黑云花岗闪长岩和中粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩组成,分别形成于113.7±0.3 Ma和107.6±0.3 Ma。角闪黑云花岗闪长岩中广泛发育镁铁质暗色包体。我们认为角闪黑云花岗闪长岩为中元古界基性成分基底部分熔融,并与幔源基性岩浆发生岩浆混合作用形成的。黑云母二长花岗岩的形成时代明显晚于角闪黑云花岗闪长岩(相差6 Ma),说明两者不大可能是同一岩浆房演化的产物,而是两期岩浆活动的产物。这也得到Nd同位素数据的支持,角闪黑云花岗闪长岩的εNd(t)值(-1.7)明显高于黑云母二长花岗岩(-5.8~-3.1)。安垌岩体(黑云母二长花岗岩)具有较高K2O/Na2O比值(1.92~2.40)、Th、U含量,以及过铝质特征(ACNK=1.18~1.25),εNd(t)值为-4.0~-3.8,我们认为安垌岩体是元古宙变杂砂岩部分熔融产生的酸性熔体与地幔来源的基性熔体发生混合作用后形成的。华夏板块在白垩纪处于强烈的伸展阶段,伴随软流圈物质上涌和玄武质岩浆的底侵,陆川-博白钨钼成矿带发生了多期次的岩浆活动。从113Ma到100Ma,依次形成米场角闪黑云花岗闪长岩、"米场黑云母花岗岩+油麻坡花岗闪长岩+安垌岩体"、三叉冲岩体、油麻坡细粒白云母花岗岩,从早到晚各岩体的εNd(t)值逐渐降低(从-1.7到-9.6)。晚期形成的三叉冲细粒二云母花岗和油麻坡细粒白云母花岗岩(高硅、高碱、富F、低εNd(t)值)具有较强的钨钼成矿能力,成矿潜力巨大。     

福建河田高分异花岗岩的矿物和全岩地球化学找矿标志研究

我国的华南地区是一个钨、锡、钼、铋、铀、铌钽、铅锌、稀有、稀土多金属成矿区。近年来,高精度年代学数据表明上述矿产集中爆发形成于晚侏罗世的165~150Ma。野外和实验证据表明,花岗岩可以划分为高分异花岗岩、低分异花岗岩和未分异花岗岩。从目前的研究结果来看,钨、锡、铌钽、锂、铍等成矿作用都与高分异花岗岩密切相关。建立与这些矿产有关高分异花岗岩的普适性的矿物学、矿物地球化学和全岩地球化学的指标,有助于判断植被覆盖严重和风化严重地区、数据积累较少的岩体的成矿潜力。位于福建省长汀县境内的河田花岗岩体新鲜露头少,大部分岩体都掩盖在厚厚的风化层下,且植被覆盖严重,但是该岩体中已发现多处锡、钨、铅锌矿(化)点。本研究发现,该岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄、石榴子石和全岩地球化学特征与江西西华山第二期成矿花岗岩具有高度相似性,因此推断河田岩体可能具有成钨锡多金属(超)大型矿的成矿潜力。此外,当花岗岩向高分异阶段不断演化的过程中,某些元素比值(例如Rb/Sr、Zr/Hf和Nb/Ta)可以作为衡量岩浆的结晶分异程度的参数;西华山和河田花岗岩在达到熔体-流体相互作用阶段时,全岩Zr含量和Zr/Hf比值大概在Zr=50×10-6和Zr/Hf=15处发生转折。同时,与不成矿花岗岩中的石榴子石相比,成矿花岗岩中石榴子石的Sn、Y和Yb元素含量明显升高,可达2~10倍,因此,高分异花岗岩的石榴子石的微量元素特征可能是重要的找矿标志之一。     

达拉布特蛇绿岩带的时限和属性以及对西准噶尔晚古生代构造演化的讨论

萨尔托海附近的也格孜卡拉花岗岩侵入到达拉布特蛇绿岩带中,为典型的"钉合岩体",其锆石SHRIMPU-Pb年龄结果为308±3Ma(MSWD=0.83),限定了达拉布特蛇绿岩带侵位时限不晚于308Ma,同时达拉布特蛇绿岩中辉长岩的年龄(Sm-Nd等时线年龄395Ma;LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄391Ma),给出了达拉布特蛇绿岩带的形成年龄。达拉布特蛇绿岩带两侧地层均为下石炭统,为稳定火山-沉积序列,岩石组合特征相同,具有很好的可对比性,表明达拉布特蛇绿岩带不是分隔两侧不同板块的板块缝合带。在综合分析前人板片窗、增生楔等不同构造模型的基础上,提出残余洋盆的被动垮塌充填是西准噶尔地区晚古生代构造演化的主要形式,残余洋盆闭合过程中可能伴随着洋壳俯冲过程,侵入于西准增生杂岩的多个花岗岩体和闪长岩墙,限定了西准晚古生代增生作用不晚于晚石炭世。     

新疆东准噶尔野马泉花岗岩体的年龄和地球化学特征

新疆东准噶尔野马泉花岗岩体是一个主要由花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩和碱长花岗岩组成的复式花岗岩体。三种岩石的锆石U-Pb年龄在误差范围内有很好的一致性(～300Ma),指示野马泉岩体是在晚石炭世侵位的,也属于东准噶尔地区后碰撞阶段的岩浆作用产物。元素地球化学组成表明,花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩和碱长花岗岩均属于准铝质,其主量元素和微量元素如CaO、Al2O3、Na2O、K2O、Rb、Sr与SiO2之间有明显的线性关系,三种岩石在不相容元素蛛网图和稀土元素配分模式上均表现出相似的特征,Eu负异常程度也随着SiO2含量的增加而提高。此外,野马泉岩体不同岩石有非常近似的Hf同位素组成,其εHf(t)值为+11.8～+12.7。因此,年龄结果和地球化学特征说明,野马泉复式花岗岩体很可能是由同源岩浆通过一定的岩浆演化形成的。     

Âges KAr des roches magmatiques du fossé de Garoua (Cameroun) : leur place dans le cadre de la « Ligne du Cameroun »

KAr analyses on whole rock and minerals are reported for the Kokoumi anorogenic pluton and alkaline volcanics of the Benue valley, west of Garoua (northern Cameroon), which belong to the northern part of the ‘Cameroon Line’. The two formations yield similar ages of 39 and 37 Ma, respectively. These values likely correspond to the time of emplacement. They are in agreement with the interpretation considering the ‘Cameroon Line’ as a huge lithospheric crack tapping a hot deep asthenospheric zone. To cite this article: R. Montigny et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

广东龙窝和白石冈岩体锆石U—Pb年代学、黑云母矿物化学及其成岩指示意义

龙窝和白石冈岩体位于近东西向展市的佛冈花岗岩带的东端,锆石 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 定年结果表明,二者的形成年龄分别为(169.1±2.5)Ma 和(157.8±2.3)Ma,它们是南岭地区燕山早期由壳幔相互作用形成的花岗质岩石的典型代表。本文在对岩体形成年龄精确测定的基础上,着重运用电子探针和原位激光探针技术,系统测定了二岩体中黑云母的主量和微量元素组成,并讨论了它们的成岩指示意义。电子探针主量元素测定结果表明,龙寓岩体中的黑云母较白石冈岩体中的黑云母富钛和镁,贫铁和铝,F、Cl 等挥发组分含量低,黑云母主量元素组成指示龙窝岩体形成于相对高温氧化的个质环境。激光探针 ICP-MS 微量元素测定结果表明,黑云母是花岗质熔体中R11)'Ba、Nb、11d及s(·、V、C r、Co、Ni等元素的主要载体,而I|、Th、Ph、S r、zr、Hf、Y 等元素的含量则显著低于寄主岩花岗岩中黑云母的稀土元素含量极低,不是影响全岩稀土特征的主要矿物相黑云母的成分特征可以有效地示踪岩浆的分异演化程度及成岩物理化学条件,也可在一定程度上反演宕浆源区性质,但后者往往要结合其它资料(特别是同位素组成),才能得出更准确的信息。     

Emplacement History of Pasupugallu Gabbro Pluton, Eastern Ghats Belt, India: a Structural Study

Structural mapping of the Pasupugallu pluton, an elliptical intrusive gabbro-anorthosite body, emplaced into the western contact zone between the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt and the Archaean East Dharwar Craton, along the east coast of India, reveals concentric, helicoidal and inward dipping magmatic and/or tectonic foliations. We identify a <1 km-wide structural aureole characterized by pronounced deflection of regional structures into margin parallel direction, mylonitic foliations with S-C fabrics, sigmoidal clasts, moderately plunging stretching lineations, non-cylindrical intrafolial folds, and stretched elliptical mafic enclaves in the aureole rocks. Our results suggest that the pluton emplacement is syn-tectonic with respect to the regional ductile deformation associated with the terrane boundary shear zone at the western margin of the Eastern Ghats. We present a tectonic model for the emplacement of the pluton invoking shear-related ductile deformation, rotation and a minor component of lateral expansion of magma. The intrusive activity (1450-800 Ma) along the western margin of the Eastern Ghats can be correlated with the significant event of recurring mafic, alkaline and granitic magmatism throughout the global Grenvillian orogens associated with the continent-continent collision tectonics possibly related to the amalgamation and the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia.     

Temporal relationship between granite cooling and hydrothermal uranium mineralization at Dalongshan in China: a combined radiometric and oxygen isotopic study

A combined study using multi-radiometric dating and oxygen isotopic geothermometry was carried out for Mesozoic quartz syenite, alkali-feldspar granite and associated hydrothermal uranium mineralization at Dalongshan in the Middle-Lower Yangtze valley of east-central China. Radiometric dating of the quartz syenite yields a whole-rock Rb–Sr isochron age of 135.6±4.3 Ma, a zircon U–Pb isochron age of 132.9±2.2 Ma, and K–Ar ages of 126±2, 118±3 and 94±4 Ma for hornblende, biotite and orthoclase, respectively. The alkali-feldspar granite yields a whole-rock Rb–Sr isochron age of 117.3±3.3 Ma, a zircon U–Pb isochron age of 114.7±2.1 Ma, and K–Ar ages of 112±2, 109±3 and 88±4 Ma for hornblende, biotite and orthoclase, respectively. Oxygen isotope thermometry for both granites gives temperatures of 685 to 720, 555 to 580, 435 to 460 and 320 to 330 °C, for hornblende, magnetite, biotite and orthoclase respectively, when paired with quartz. The systematic differences among the ages by the different techniques on the different minerals are used to reconstruct the cooling history of the granite. The results yield rapid cooling rates of 27.4 to 58.6 °C/Ma from 800 to 300 °C in the early stage, but slow cooling rates of 6.3 to 7.2 °C/Ma from 300 to 150 °C in the late stage. The regular sequence of oxygen isotope temperatures for the different quartz–mineral pairs demonstrates that diffusion is a dominant factor controlling the closure of both radiometric and O isotopic systems during granite cooling. Pitchblende U–Pb isochron dating yields an uranium mineralization age of 106.4±2.9 Ma, which is younger than the age of the granite emplacement and thus considerably postdates the time of magma crystallization, but is close to the closure time of the K–Ar system in the biotite. This points to a close relationship between granite cooling and ore-forming process. It appears that hydrothermal mineralization took place in the stage of slow cooling of the granite, whereas the rapid cooling of the granite was concurrent with the migration of hydrothermal fluids along fault structures. Therefore, the activity of the ore-forming hydrothermal system is temporally dictated by the cooling rates of the granite and may lag about 25 to 30 Ma behind the crystallization timing of associated granite.     

Orogeny, migmatites and leucogranites: A review

The type ofP-T-t path and availability of fluid (H₂O-rich metamorphic volatile phase or melt) are important variables in metamorphism. Collisional orogens are characterized by clockwiseP-T evolution, which means that in the core, where temperatures exceed the wet solidus for common crustal rocks, melt may be present throughout a significant portion of the evolution. Field observations of eroded orogens show that lower crust is migmatitic, and geophysical observations have been interpreted to suggest the presence of melt in active orogens. A consequence of these results is that orogenic collapse in mature orogens may be controlled by a partially-molten layer that decouples weak crust from subducting lithosphere, and such a weak layer may enable exhumation of deeply buried crust. Migmatites provide a record of melt segregation in partially molten crustal materials and syn-anatectic deformation under natural conditions. Grain boundary flow and intra-and inter-grain fracture flow are the principal grain scale melt flow mechanisms. Field observations of migmatites in ancient orogens show that leucosomes occur oriented in the metamorphic fabrics or are located in dilational sites. These observations are interpreted to suggest that melt segregation and extraction are syntectonic processes, and that melt migration pathways commonly relate to rock fabrics and structures. Thus, leucosomes in depleted migmatites record the remnant permeability network, but evolution of permeability networks and amplification of anomalies are poorly understood. Deformation of partially molten rocks is accommodated by melt-enhanced granular flow, and volumetric strain is accommodated by melt loss. Melt segregation and extraction may be cyclic or continuous, depending on the level of applied differential stress and rate of melt pressure buildup. During clockwiseP-T evolution, H₂O is transferred from protolith to melt as rocks cross dehydration melting reactions, and H₂O may be evolved above the solidus at lowP by crossing supra-solidus decompression-dehydration reactions if micas are still present in the depleted protolith. H₂O dissolved in melt is transported through the crust to be exsolved on crystallization. This recycled H₂O may promote wet melting at supra-solidus conditions and retrogression at subsolidus conditions. The common growth of ‘late’ muscovite over sillimanite in migmatite may be the result of this process, and influx of exogenous H₂O may not be necessary. However, in general, metasomatism in the evolution of the crust remains a contentious issue. Processes in the lower-most crust may be inferred from studies of xenolith suites brought to the surface in lavas. Based on geochemical data, we can use statistical methods and modeling to evaluate whether migmatites are sources or feeder zones for granites, or simply segregated melt that was stagnant in residue, and to compare xenoliths of inferred lower crust with exposed deep crust. Upper-crustal granites are a necessary complement to melt-depleted granulites common in the lower crust, but the role of mafic magma in crustal melting remains uncertain. Plutons occur at various depths above and below the brittle-to-viscous transition in the crust and have a variety of 3-D shapes that may vary systematically with depth. The switch from ascent to emplacement may be caused by amplification of instabilities within (permeability, magma flow rate) or surrounding (strength or state of stress) the ascent column, or by the ascending magma intersecting some discontinuity in the crust that enables horizontal magma emplacement followed by thickening during pluton inflation. Feedback relations between rates of pluton filling, magma ascent and melt extraction maintain compatibility among these processes.     

A Gold-bearing Alkaline Pluton in Eastern Linxi District, Inner Mongolia: Its Geochemistry and Metallogenic Significance

Abstract: The Biliutai pluton, as the host of a small gold deposit, containing dark-gray enclaves, intruded into the Lower Permian volcanic-sedimentary formations in east Inner Mongolia, China. The host rocks and enclaves formed simultaneously at about 200 Ma (Rb–Sr isochron age with initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of 0.704). The _Nd (T) values for the enclaves (from +4.4 to +4.6) are similar to their host rocks (+3.2 to +4.8), although the values for the host rocks are relatively variable. Both enclaves and host rocks are enriched in large ion lithosphere elements and light rare earth elements but depleted in high field strength elements and heavy rare earth elements. These observations suggest that the magma was produced from subduction-modified mantle sources. The age of the mantle enrichment event, evaluated using depleted mantle Nd model ages, is 0.61 - 0.83 Ga. These geochemical characteristics constrain the metallogeny of the Biliutai pluton, and imply that the ore-forming materials probably were derived from lithospheric mantle.