春季和夏季爆发型ENSO事件对夏季中国降水的影响

采用NCEP再分析资料、海温资料以及中国台站降水资料,借助统计方法,讨论了不同爆发型El Ni?o和La Ni?a事件对中国夏季(5~10月)降水分布的影响。根据定义,El Ni?o和La Ni?a事件分为两类:一类是在4~6月爆发,称为春季爆发型(分为ELSP1、ELSP2、ELSP3和LASP);一类是在7~10月爆发,称为夏季爆发型(分为ELSU和LASU)。结果显示,ELSP1型当年夏季,中国夏季降水主要呈现负距平分布,其中显著降水偏少区集中在黄河流域,在其次年夏季,降水由南往北呈现"-、+、-"异常分布,显著降水偏多区主要集中于中原地带。ELSP2型当年夏季和次年夏季,中国夏季降水基本呈现相反变化分布,即当年夏季,全国降水以偏少为主,次年夏季全国降水以偏多为主。ELSP3型当年夏季,以华南降水偏多、其余地区降水偏少为主,在其次年夏季,降水主要以长江流域和华北偏多。ELSU型当年夏季,长江以北降水偏少、西南以及华南沿海降水偏多;次年夏季,降水由南往北呈现"-、+、-、+"异常分布。LASP型当年夏季使得全国降水基本一致增多,尤其是长江流域;而在其次年夏季,除了淮河和长江下游地区降水略多异常,全国降水以基本偏少为主。LASU型当年夏季,降水呈现长江以南偏少、以北偏多的主要分布形势,在其次年夏季,除了长江中下游区域降水偏多以外,其余地区降水均偏少。降水的异常分布与Hadley环流和水汽异常分布密切相关。但LASU型所导致的环流变化对中国夏季降水预测指示意义比较弱。     

Classification of natural mineral and spring bottled waters of Portugal using Principal Component Analysis

Considering its area, Portugal is one of the world's richest countries in mineral and spring waters. There are 33 different types of bottled water, 18 of which are classified as natural mineral water and the remaining as spring water. The majority of these waters are of low mineralisation in comparison to most European bottled waters.     

A spring and wooded habitat at FLK Zinj and their relevance to origins of human behavior

The 1959 discovery of the hominin fossil Zinjanthropus boisei brought the world's attention to the rich records at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Subsequent excavations of archaeological level 22 (FLK Zinj) Bed I uncovered remains of Homo habilis and a high-density collection of fossils and Oldowan stone tools. The occurrence of this unusual collection of bones and tools at this specific location has been controversial for decades. We present paleoecological data that provide new insights into the origin of FLK Zinj. Our recent excavations 200 m north of the site uncovered a 0.5-m-thick tufa mound draped by Tuff IC, in the same stratigraphic horizon as level 22. Stable isotope analyses indicate that the carbonates were deposited by a freshwater spring. Phytolith analysis of the waxy clay under Tuff IC revealed abundant woody dicotyledon and palm phytoliths, indicating that the site was wooded to densely wooded. The time equivalency and close physical proximity of the two environments indicate the two are related. This study has provided the first documented evidence of springs in Bed I and these data have important implications for the interpretation of hominin behavior in meat acquisition and the ongoing debate on scavenging versus hunting.     

哈尔滨春季一次罕见重度霾天气成因分析

利用气象、环境、卫星遥感火点监测等资料，从环流形势、气象要素、污染物和污染传输特征等方面对哈尔滨2018年4月4日夜间至5日白天罕见重度霾天气成因进行分析。结果表明，此次重度霾天气首要污染物为PM2.5，污染最重时PM2.5浓度高达507μg?m-3，秸秆焚烧是污染物的主要来源，既有本地源又有外地源，利用HYSPLIT模型模拟出这次重度霾天气污染传输特征。重度霾时段，近地面风速小，为1.5m·s-1左右，最小为0.1m·s-1，风向呈弱气旋性辐合、湿度增大有利于形成霾。低层存在较强的贴地逆温，逆温层顶高度约为100m,逆温强度约为1.5℃/100m，不利于污染物在垂直方向上扩散。地面均压场和高空弱高压脊、暖锋锋区和暖平流为这次重度霾天气提供了有利的大气环流背景条件。     

春季海温对中国夏季降水影响的诊断研究和预测试验

文中利用季降水异常集合的典型相关预测模式 ,以全球春季 (3～ 5月 )海温场作为因子场 ,对中国夏季降水场进行了诊断研究 ,并对 1998,1999及 2 0 0 0年这几个典型的中国夏季降水进行了回报试验。结果表明 ,春季海温与中国夏季降水之间存在较好的关系 ,春季海温在较大程度上决定了中国夏季降水雨带及其分布类型。考虑面积因子的集合典型相关预测方案对中国夏季降水具有较强的回报能力 ,此模式不仅能诊断出降水场和海温场中一些比较典型的空间模态和时间变化规律 ,而且可以再现 1998和 2 0 0 0年中国大部分地区的旱涝灾害。揭示了全球春季海温的异常变化在中国夏季 (6～ 8月 )降水异常中的作用。     

Fractured-karst spring-flow protections: a case study in Jinan, China

Jinan Springs are an important historical heritage in China and have been well known for hundreds of years. Over-abstraction of groundwater in the Jinan area has seriously endangered the hydrological system of the springs, which have stopped flowing for significant periods of time in recent years. A three-dimensional finite-element model programmed primarily at the Hefei University of Technology has been developed to simulate groundwater level change in the large fractured-karst aquifer system in the Jinan Springs field. Various spring protection plans have been explored and their effects on the water table analyzed and compared. It was found that the present rate of groundwater withdrawal from the fractured-karst system in this area was inappropriate for spring protection. The simulated results suggest that decreasing the rate of groundwater pumping from 6.9×10⁵ to 2.7×10⁵ m³/day is needed to protect spring flows. Additional water resource requirements in that area may be met by use of surface water and recycled waste water.     

太平洋秋季SSTA与西北地区春季降水的耦合性研究

利用中国西北五省（区）和内蒙古西部的共１０６个测站的１９６０～１９９０年３～５月的月、季总降水量和太平洋１０°Ｓ～５０°Ｎ,１２０°Ｅ～８０°Ｗ范围内２８６个格点（５°×５°）的秋季（９～１１月）的平均海表温度,通过ＥＯＦ、ＲＥＯＦ、ＳＶＤ及交叉谱分析等方法,对秋季太平洋海温的异常特性及其与我国西北干旱半干旱地区后期春季降水之间的空间地域遥相关耦合特征进行了分析研究。结果表明,秋季太平洋海温差异常存在６个关键区域,其中赤道东太平洋地区是最敏感的异常信号区;西北干旱半干旱地区春季降水与前期秋季赤道东太平洋海温异常之间有着清晰的遥相关。当海温异常偏高,即有ＥＬ－Ｎｉｎｏ现象时,西北地区的降水普遍偏少,并以高原东侧青、甘、宁交界地区及渭水流域的偏少为主;Ｌａ－Ｎｉｎａ时的情况正好相反,内蒙西部的春季降水变化趋势与我国西北地区基本一致。     

倒春寒的划分和预报服务探讨

本文利用预报区域1960～1995年春季逐日气象资料,分析得到了倒春寒天气的客观划分标准、气候特点、主要影响系统及其形势特征。采用较新特色的折扣回归模型,建立了三、四月份各旬倒春寒的集成预报方程;利用短期预报资料,研制出若干预报判据和消空指标,建立了短期预报回归方程,并编制出具有一定特色的预报服务系统。经1997年实际应用,倒春寒天气的预报准确率在经验预报的基础上提高20％左右。     

Occurrence of springs in massifs of crystalline rocks,northern Portugal

An inventory of artesian springs emerging from fractures (fracture springs) was conducted in the Pinh?o River Basin and Morais Massif, northern Portugal, comprising an area of approximately 650 km². Over 1,500 springs were identified and associated with geological domains and fracture sets. Using cross-tabulation analysis, spring distributions by fracture sets were compared among geological environments, and the deviations related to differences in rock structure and, presumably, to differences in deformational histories. The relation between spring frequencies and rock structures was further investigated by spectral determination, the model introduced in this study. Input data are the spring frequencies and fracture lengths in each geological domain, in addition to the angles between fracture strikes and present-day stress-field orientation (θ). The model's output includes the so-called intrinsic densities, a parameter indexing spring occurrence to factors such as fracture type and associated deformational regime and age. The highest densities (12.2 springs/km of lineament) were associated with young shear fractures produced by brittle deformation, and the lowest (0.1) with old tensional and ductile fractures. Spectral determination also relates each orientation class to a dominant structural parameter: where spring occurrence is controlled by θ, the class is parallel to the present-day stress-field orientation; where the control is attributed to the length of fractures, the spring occurrence follows the strike of large-scale normal faults crossing the region. Electronic Publication     

辛安泉岩溶水系统研究分析

辛安泉是山西省第二岩溶大泉,该岩溶泉水是长治市除漳泽水库外的主要供水水源。泉域为一完整的岩溶地下水系统,具有独立的补给、径流、排泄关系,为全排型岩溶大泉。通过对泉域岩溶地下水水文地质特征、岩溶水天然资源量、可开采资源量及开发利用现状的分析研究,为区域水资源的优化配置提供了科学依据。