云南洱源明月—溪灯坪热泉型金矿

明月—溪灯坪金矿金源来自苍山群,受深部岩浆岩期后热液影响后被活化,以络离子形式迁移而形成含金热液,最后在上新统三营组中析出淀积成矿。     

Understanding long-term (1982–2013) patterns and trends in winter wheat spring green-up date over the North China Plain

Monitoring the spring green-up date (GUD) has grown in importance for crop management and food security. However, most satellite-based GUD models are associated with a high degree of uncertainty when applied to croplands. In this study, we introduced an improved GUD algorithm to extract GUD data for 32 years (1982–2013) for the winter wheat croplands on the North China Plain (NCP), using the third-generation normalized difference vegetation index form Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS3g NDVI). The spatial and temporal variations in GUD with the effects of the pre-season climate and soil moisture conditions on GUD were comprehensively investigated. Our results showed that a higher correlation coefficient (r = 0.44, p < 0.01) and lower root mean square error (22 days) and bias (16 days) were observed in GUD from the improved algorithm relative to GUD from the MCD12Q2 phenology product. In spatial terms, GUD increased from the southwest (less than day of year (DOY) 60) to the northeast (more than DOY 90) of the NCP, which corresponded to spatial reductions in temperature and precipitation. GUD advanced in most (78%) of the winter wheat area on the NCP, with significant advances in 37.8% of the area (p < 0.05). GUD occurred later at high altitudes and in coastal areas than in inland areas. At the interannual scale, the average GUD advanced from DOY 76.9 in the 1980s (average 1982–1989) to DOY 73.2 in the 1990s (average 1991–1999), and to DOY 70.3 after 2000 (average 2000–2013), indicating an average advance of 1.8 days/decade (r = 0.35, p < 0.05). Although GUD is mainly controlled by the pre-season temperature, our findings underline that the effect of the pre-season soil moisture on GUD should also be considered. The improved GUD algorithm and satellite-based long-term GUD data are helpful for improving the representation of GUD in terrestrial ecosystem models and enhancing crop management efficiency.     

西双版纳勐海勐满热泉型金矿

勐满金矿赋存在澜沧群浅变质岩系和侏罗系红层中,金富集对围岩岩性无明显选择,具低温热液蚀变特征,属热泉、变质热液成因。     

由冬至夏北半球副热带地区大气热源的季节转换特征及其可能机制

本文基于多套卫星观测数据和ERA-Interim再分析资料,分析了由冬至夏北半球副热带地区大气热源的季节转换特征及其原因。结果表明,北半球副热带大陆东部以对流凝结潜热为主的夏季型大气热源首先于4月初在我国南方地区建立,该过程与江南雨季的形成发展联系紧密。2~3月,江南地区的大气热源以感热加热为主,这时降水以大尺度层云降水为主;而在4月初之后,江南地区降水以对流性降水为主,相应地对流凝结潜热成为大气热源的主要成分。动力和热力诊断分析说明,青藏高原南部热力状况的季节变化是导致4月初江南地区降水性质和大气热源首先发生季节转换的重要原因。2~3月,随着太阳辐射逐渐增强,青藏高原地面感热随之加强,此时对流层中部的纬向西风令江南地区的对流层中部暖平流加强,引起上升运动并加强局地大尺度层云降水,令土壤湿度加大,为随后局地对流性降水的快速发展提供了有利条件。之后,青藏高原地面感热在4~5月期间继续加强,这时高原南坡的"感热气泵"令其四周的低空水汽向北辐合,从而加强了江南地区的低空南风,使大量水汽自南海-西太平洋向北输送,令江南地区的对流性降水快速发展,地面感热迅速减小,对流凝结潜热进而成为江南地区大气热源的主要成分。     

中国西南地区春季降水的时空变化及其异常的环流特征

利用中国气象局国家气象信息中心整编的中国西南地区97站逐日观测资料及美国国家环境预报中心/大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)再分析资料,对中国西南地区1961—2013年春季降水的时空分布特征进行了分析,并研究了造成西南地区春季降水异常的环流成因。结果表明,中国西南地区春季降水的主模态呈现为全区一致型,该模态具有明显的2.5—3.5a及准5a的活动周期。对流层中低层副热带地区的异常气旋式环流波列形成的异常气流将洋面上空的水汽向中国西南内陆地区输送,暖湿气流与异常活跃的北方冷空气活动相配合,加上西南地区大气低层辐合、高层辐散而产生抽吸作用,使得当地对流层中低层出现较强的沿地形抬升的上升气流,从而有利于西南地区降水的形成,反之亦然。造成环流异常的原因除了与西南地区、热带地区的异常辐合/辐散运动造成的位涡扰动能量有关,亦与中高纬度波扰动能量下欧亚大陆下游地区的频散及辐合有关。此外,冬季1月的青藏高原地面加热场特征可作为预测后期西南地区春季降水异常变化的一个前期信号。     

The most sensitive initial error modes modulating intensities of CP- and EP- El Niño events

The two types of El Niño events simulated by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model version 2p1 (GFDL CM2p1) model and its “spring predictability barrier” (SPB) associations are examined. By conducting the ensemble hindcast experiments related to the sea temperature on the whole Pacific, both of the predictions for CP- and EP-El Niño show a significant SPB phenomenon, but the CP-El Niño features a much weaker SPB compared to the EP-El Niño. Further analyses revealed that, for CP-El Niño events, the initial sea temperature errors of the North Pacific with triple-like shape, referred to as negative Victoria Mode (VM) induces the largest prediction errors in Niño4 areas and modulates the intensities of CP-El Niño events. While for EP-El Niño events, the initial sea temperature errors in the subsurface layer of the western equatorial Pacific and the upper layer of the Southeast Pacific (15–30ºS) with the meridional mode induce the largest prediction errors in Niño3 areas and modulates the intensities of EP-El Niño events. Obviously, results stress that, in order to reduce final prediction errors and obtain better predictions in terms of intensity on the two types of El Niño events, we should mainly focus on initial sea temperature accuracy in not only the subsurface layer of the west equatorial Pacific but also the surface layer of southeast Pacific and the region covered by the VM-like mode in the North Pacific.     

半干旱雨养农业区灌浆期模拟酸雨对春小麦叶片光合特性及产量的影响

为探明酸雨对春小麦光合特性及产量的影响,用pH为1.5、2.5、3.5、4.5和5.6的模拟酸雨在春小麦灌浆期对其进行喷淋,然后测定不同pH模拟酸雨处理后春小麦叶片的光合参数与春小麦产量。研究结果表明:①随着酸雨pH的下降,春小麦叶片净光合速率下降了9.61%~61.50%,气孔导度下降了7.03%~57.46%,蒸腾速率下降了3.70%~55.44%,胞间CO2浓度上升了27.91%~43.74%,叶绿素相对含量下降了12.12%~41.92%,产量下降了15.50%~37.05%。酸雨对春小麦叶片光合特性的影响随酸雨的氢离子浓度增大而愈显著。②酸雨pH与净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶绿素相对含量及春小麦最终产量均呈极显著正相关,与胞间CO2浓度呈显著负相关。     

回归分析法在地下水动态分析中的应用

多年来,济南泉水断流的主因一直存在争议。本文根据济南泉域1960-2002年43年的地下水位、降雨量、市区开采量、外围开采量的统计资料,建立多元回归模型,找出影响泉域水位动态的因素。分析结果表明,济南泉域地下水动态变化分为两个阶段,上世纪六十年代（1960-1967年）,影响地下水位的主要因素为降雨量,上世纪七八十年代（1968-1989年）,影响地下水位的主要因素为开采量,尤其是外围开采量。在此基础上,对回归模型进行了检验和预测,在模拟时间内的平均误差为2.1%,预测阶段内的平均误差为5.08%,与实际情况基本符合。     

临洮县春末夏初干旱气候分析

文中统计了临洮县 196 1～ 2 0 0 0年共 4 0年逐旬降水量资料 ,用谐波分析法分析诊断临洮县逐旬降水量多年平均值的年周期与半年周期 ,划分出气候干湿期时段 ,分析造成春末夏初旱的环流特征 ,为做好短期气候预测 ,指导农业生产提供服务     

乌鲁木齐4号泉甲烷趋势性变化原因分析

近5年来，乌鲁木齐4号泉水中甲烷含量逐年呈趋势性降低。本从泉点地质构造、水地球化学环境入手，结合水气象资料，分析并论正了甲烷逐年趋势性变化的原因。