A discussion of up-flow springs

Based on their genesis, springs are commonly classified as depression spring, contact spring, overflow spring and fault spring, etc. In addition, a kind of springs, i.e., up-flow spring, can be found in the field. An aquifer is overlain by poorly-permeable unconsolidated sediments or relatively impervious formations. If the hydraulic head of the aquifer is higher than the land surface, groundwater may flow up to the ground surface through the local portion of the overlying aquicludes where the permeability is relatively good, and emerges as an up-flow spring. The common characteristics of an up-flow spring are discussed and summarized in this paper, and some examples of the up-flow springs are also given. Up-flow springs can flow up through local permeable zones in the overlying aquicludes rather than permeable faults. Although they cannot be found as frequently as depression springs, contact springs, overflow springs and fault springs etc., yet up-flow springs may occur in the form of normal-temperature springs, hot springs and salt springs.     

Strengthened influence of the East Asian trough on spring extreme precipitation variability over eastern Southwest China after the late 1980s

The relationship between variations in the East Asian trough (EAT) intensity and spring extreme precipitation over Southwest China (SWC) during 1961–2020 is investigated. The results indicate that there is an interdecadal increase in the relationship between the EAT and spring extreme precipitation over eastern SWC around the late 1980s. During the latter period, the weak (strong) EAT corresponds to a strong and large-scale anomalous anticyclone (cyclone) over the East Asia–Northwest Pacific region. The EAT-related anomalous southerlies (northerlies) dominate eastern SWC, leading to significant upward (downward) motion and moisture convergence (divergence) over the region, providing favorable (unfavorable) dynamic and moisture conditions for extreme precipitation over eastern SWC. In contrast, during the former period, the EAT-related circulation anomalies are weak and cover a relatively smaller region, which cannot significantly affect the moisture and dynamic conditions over eastern SWC; therefore, the response in extreme precipitation over eastern SWC to EAT is weak over the period. The interdecadal change in the relationship between eastern SWC spring extreme precipitation and the EAT could be related to the interdecadal change in the EAT variability. The large (small) variability of the EAT is associated with significant (insignificant) changes in spring extreme precipitation over eastern SWC during the latter (former) period.摘要本文研究表明东亚大槽强度与中国西南地区东部春季极端降水的关系在20世纪80年代末后显著增强, 这可能与东亚大槽自身变率的年代际变化有关. 在80年代末之后, 东亚大槽的变率显著增强, 其对应的大气环流异常也偏强, 范围偏大, 可以显著影响西南地区东部的水汽和动力条件, 从而引起该地区春季极端降水的显著变化. 而在80年代末之前, 东亚大槽的变率偏弱, 其对应的大气环流异常也偏弱, 范围偏小, 因此不能对西南地区东部春季极端降水的变化产生显著影响.     

Origin and classification of springs and historical review with current applications

Numerous geologic processes operate to form the many types of springs in existence today. Karst springs, glacial springs, and thermal springs are reviewed with examples from different parts of the world to emphasize the diversity of their origin. Since Meinzer's classification in 1927, the classification of springs has changed as our understanding of their origin and our scientific knowledge of springs have increased. Today several different classifications have been developed that concentrate on one or more specific characteristics such as size, mineral content, or temperature. A historic sketch of the classification of springs that documents the most common classifications in use is presented. From this historical perspective it is apparent how our understanding of springs, combined with technological advances, will affect future trends in the classification of springs. Eventually a definitive classification of springs, scientific as well as legal, combined with computer data bases, will aid not only in our academic understanding of springs, but in our practical usage. In the late 20th century, there has been increased demand for spring, mineral, and curative waters. Springs, specifically their origin, have become increasingly important. Legislation to protect the rights and safety of consumers regarding springs is forthcoming from state, federal, national, and international organizations. Some current legislation will be highlighted to provide some insight into how exactly these legal rulings affect our use and definitions of springs. The purpose of this paper is to establish the geological/ hydrogeological framework for the diversity of origin and form of springs in addition to providing a historical perspective on classification systems throughout the ages.     

花后持续干旱对玉米生理参数及产量的影响

为研究玉米开花后的持续干旱对其生理过程及产量的影响,采用在玉米灌浆阶段持续控水的方式开展干旱胁迫试验,对主要光合参量(净光合速率P_n、蒸腾速率T_r)、光响应参数、水分利用效率(Water Use Efficiency,WUE)及产量结构进行观测和计算,分析它们对干旱的响应特征。结果表明:玉米花后干旱可导致P_n、T_r、WUE以及最大净光合速率(P_nmax)随干旱持续时间延长而减小,干旱持续15—27 d,1200μmol·m^-2·s^-1光强处P_n和T_r减小幅度分别由50. 0%增大到75. 1%、71. 7%增大到83. 6%; WUE和P_nmax减小幅度分别由21. 7%增大到47. 9%,由50. 9%增大到73. 2%;玉米百粒重和茎秆重分别显著减小11. 6%和23. 2%,果穗长、果穗粗和籽粒与茎秆比没有明显受到影响,秃尖比和株籽粒重虽有大幅增大和减小,但并不显著;研究时段内干旱导致玉米减产11. 7%。     

堆石体密度测定的附加质量法

为研究堆石体的密度测定问题提出本文方法,有3个主要环节：其一,将堆石体等效为单自由度线性弹簧体系,用附加质量的方法求堆石体的参振质量;其二,令参振质量的动能等于地面以下一定深度以内的堆石体连续介质振动动能的积分,导出堆石体密度的解析式;其三,通过测定参振质量、堆石体弹性纵波波长,求得堆石体密度．这种方法经黄河小浪底工程应用证明,效果很好．该方法属介质密度原位测定方法,不挖坑不取样,简便易行,不仅适用于堆石作密度的测定,对砂砾石、砂性土及各类土壤的密度测定亦均适用．     

东营市1999年春夏连旱的成因分析

对1999年东营市春夏连旱的成因进行了分析。结果表明,1999年入侵本市的冷空气异常偏弱,西太平洋副热带高压较常年强度偏弱,位置偏东以及1998年秋冬季节持续降水偏少是造成1999年春夏连旱的主要原因。同时,黄河断流,客水减少对旱情起到推波助澜的作用。气象局及时、准确的预报服务,政府的措施得力,减轻了干旱造成的损失。     

江西春季低温及防御措施

通过对江苏省春季低温时空分布特点的分析,指出江苏省春季回暖的迟早既受纬度影响,也与海拔、地形、地貌等诸多因素有关,各地不同,各年也不差异。必须结合本地实际情况,确定早稻安全播种期,并采取一定措施可有效防御春季低温江西农业带来的危害。对于江西省重要产粮区－赣北鄱阳湖区来说,则应尽快建立以防风防护田林为主体的林网体系。     

六盘山地区泉水地球化学特征

根据六盘山地区泉水的化学组成和氢、 氧同位素数据, 讨论了该区地下水的化学类型、 成因及其动态变化特征。 2012年11月和2014年7月在六盘山地区采集10处泉水样品, 氢氧同位素由液态水同位素分析仪测定, 离子组分浓度由离子色谱和化学滴定法测定。 水样的TDS范围为218~27508 mg/L, δ¹⁸O和δD值分别为-12.0‰~ -8.5‰, -88.5‰ ~-61.3‰。 δ¹⁸O和δD指示该区泉水来源于大气降水, 并受水循环条件及水岩反应程度的影响。 根据舒卡列夫分类法, 所采水样可划分为10种水化学类型, 受含水层岩性控制, 宁南地区的水化类型主要为SO₄-Na型, 渭北西部地区的水化类型主要为HCO₃-Ca·Mg型。 两次所采水样的离子浓度显示多数水样点的HCO^-₃具有夏高冬低的季节性变化特征, 千川村(QC)、 双井村(SJ)等因含水层赋存环境较封闭, 受降水干扰小; 硝口村(XKH)泉水的离子毫克当量比值变幅最大, 说明该泉点水岩反应程度变化较大, 易受断层带活动的影响。 研究结果确定了六盘山地区水文地球化学背景和水的来源, 为该区流体地球化学地震监测、 预测提供了背景资料。     

春节期间气象条件对南京大气环境(污染/清洁)的影响

利用1981—2015年南京常规气象观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了南京市春节前后主要的天气形势及其对大气环境的可能影响。结果表明:(1)1981—2015年,南京地区春节前共出现冷空气过程19次,春节期间出现21次;春节前共出现降水天气过程27次,而春节期间共出现25次,降水持续时间均为2 d左右。春节前和春节期间,既没有冷空气又无降水天气过程的年份均为8 a。(2)影响的冷空气过程以中西路为主,春节前冷中心位于贝加尔湖以西,春节期间冷空气中心位置略偏南,强度略偏大;500 hPa以两脊一槽型分布,南京处于槽区,槽后冷空气不断南下影响南京;在冷空气影响下,南京以偏北风为主,且南京都处于大风速区;冷空气过程有利于污染物的清除和扩散。(3)降水过程期间,冷暖气流交汇于南京地区,南京处于南北气流交汇的鞍型场中,同时湿度大,且处于风场辐合区内,有利于降水天气的发生,进而对于大气污染物也起到了稀释和清除的作用。(4)南京市处于海平面气压的均压场中,地面风速较小,这样的天气条件不利于污染扩散;同时近地层相对湿度适中,有利于污染物半径吸湿扩大,进而增加大气污染物浓度;从温度层结来看,南京地区上空700～1 000 hPa气温基本一致,这样的中性层对污染物的向上扩散也起到一定的一致作用;上述这些气象条件都有利于大气污染浓度增加。春节期间的稳定天气形势会加剧污染天气的发生。