关于龙门石窟景区泉水间歇性断流影响因素的分析

景区内大部分泉水受东西向断裂控制,东西向断裂是常村煤矿、龙门煤矿与泉水联系的重要通道,矿井中的地下水大部分为煤层底板的石炭系灰岩及寒武系白云岩中的岩溶水,在采矿过程中遇到导水断裂造成矿井突水,引起地下水位下降,泉水动态主要决定于煤矿排水量的大小;在双层结构水文地质区,供水井开采地下水可引起浅层水与深层水发生补排关系,是泉水动态变化的间接影响因素。煤矿排水占全区总排水量的80．2％,供水井抽水占全区总排水量的19．8％,因此,影响龙门石窟景区泉水断流的主要因素为矿井排水,供水井开采是泉水断流的次要因素。     

Environmental and hydrogeological problems in karstic terrains crossed by tunnels: a case study

The construction of one of the high-speed railway tunnels between Malaga and Córdoba (South Spain) beneath the Abdalajís mountains occasioned a series of hydrogeological problems with geotechnical and environmental impacts. The double tunnel, 7,300 m in length, runs south to north across several lines of small, calcareous mountains that have a highly complex structure. Beneath the Jurassic limestones lie Triassic clays and evaporites. Overlying the limestones is an essentially marly and limestone-marl Cretaceous series, which culminates with Miocene marls containing some organic matter. These mountains have generated springs that are used for urban water supply and irrigation, as well as drinking fountains in the surrounding villages. The initial water level in the aquifer series varied from 400 to 650 m above sea level. After drilling approximately 2,900 m, and intercepting a fracture zone within the carbonate rocks, a sudden water eruption occurred that reached a peak flow of 800 L/s. After a short while, spring discharges dried up, leading to a public protest. In this paper, we describe the geological and hydrogeological settings, the development of the aquifer as the drilling operation proceeded, the measures adopted and the responses subsequent to completion of the tunnel, including the effect of rainfall on the recovery of water levels. Lastly, a generalized estimate is made of how the system functions, and a forecast is made for recovery of its equilibrium.     

Geochemistry and stable isotopic composition of tufa waters and precipitates from the Interlake Region, Manitoba, Canada: Constraints on groundwater origin, calcitization, and tufa formation

New major, trace and isotopic geochemical results from a regional study of springs discharging from the major carbonate rock aquifer in the Interlake Region of Manitoba, Canada, are used to understand water–rock reactions, timing of recharge/discharge, tufa formation processes, and as baseline data. Spring waters are fresh with total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations ranging from 150 to 880 mg/L. Waters discharging in the northern part of the study area have lower TDS, are dominantly Ca–Mg–HCO₃ waters with low SO₄ concentrations (<< 50 mg/L), and appear to have interacted primarily with Silurian carbonate lithologies. In contrast, waters in the southeastern part of the study area have higher TDS and have elevated SO₄ concentrations (up to 210 mg/L). Spring waters have elevated Mg/Ca_molar (1.23 ± 0.23), typically greater than congruent dissolution of dolomite. Ca and Mg concentrations and Mg/Ca_molar indicate that groundwater residence times were sufficient to allow equilibration with bedrock dolomite lithologies; elevated tritium in northern waters indicates a significant recharge component in the 1960's and 1970's. Tufa precipitates that have formed from many of the spring waters are low-Mg calcite (MgO = 1.70 to 5.80 wt.%). Sr concentrations are variable (57 to 657 ppm) and tufa Sr/Ca_molar ratios appear to be entirely controlled by spring water Sr/Ca_molar. Empirically determined Sr distribution coefficients (D_Sr = 0.389 ± 0.083) indicate rapid crystallization following CO₂ degassing, consistent with heavier δ¹³C_VPDB compared to spring waters. Sulfate concentrations are generally too low for calcitization (dedolomitization) reactions driven by anhydrite dissolution to be the dominant control on the elevated groundwater Mg/Ca_molar, implying either extensive sulfate reduction along the flow paths (however, δ¹³C_DIC suggests the elevated SO₄ is more consistent with Fe-sulfide oxidation), or that other processes are involved. Major ion ratios suggest that the waters in the southern part of the study area are more consistent with interaction with siliciclastic rocks than with anhydrite dissolution. We suggest that calcitization (dedolomitization) reactions driven by anhydrite dissolution may not dominate all carbonate aquifers and that mixing of waters in karst conduits combined with ion exchange reactions are important controls on water chemistry in these systems.     

Paleoenvironmental and paleoecological reconstruction of a freshwater oasis in savannah grassland at FLK North, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

The records of early hominins are commonly localized both temporally and spatially even in archaeologically rich basins like Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. The FLK North site was discovered in 1960, but the reason for the exact location of this dense concentration of fossils and stone tools on a lake-margin flat has not been explained. We present new geological and geochemical information from six excavations in upper Bed I, which revealed up to 1.4-m-thick carbonate deposits, attesting to the presence of freshwater springs in the area surrounding FLK North. The δ¹⁸O signatures of the tufa are typical for meteoric water that has evolved during evaporation. Tuff IF that caps the sequence was deposited on uneven topography with the highest area a low-relief ridge between two faults at the archaeological site and lowest areas being sites of groundwater discharge. The model proposed here is that rainfall on adjacent highlands was transported to the basin where faults acted as conduits for water. Similar hydrogeological settings at modern lakes Manyara and Eyasi, currently support lush groundwater forest and woodland despite arid climate. FLK North may have been an “oasis” offering freshwater and shelter for consuming meat by both carnivores and hominins.     

Centrifuge modelling of SCR vertical motion at touchdown zone

Steel catenary risers (SCR) connect seabed pipelines and flow lines to floating structures used for oil and gas production in deep waters. Waves and currents induce motions of the structure and the risers. The repeated motions of the risers at the touchdown zone in turn induce loads on the seabed soil and might eventually cause fatigue damage to the risers. The analysis of riser fatigue damage is heavily dependent on the soil model. Soil behaviour at touchdown zone such as soil remoulding, stiffness degradation and deformation of the seabed at the touchdown zone further complicate the accurate assessment of riser fatigue damage, which is currently not appropriately quantified in existing design methods. This paper presents centrifuge model tests simulating the repeated vertical movement of a length of riser on clay seabed with increasing undrained shear strength with depth. During the tests, the pipe was subject to cyclic motion over fixed vertical displacement amplitude from an invert embedment of 0.5-3.5 pipe diameters into the soil. The test results show a significant progressive degradation of soil strength and diminution of excess pore water pressure with increasing number of riser penetration/uplift cycle. In view of the different types of environment loadings experienced by floating platforms and various soil conditions, tests were also conducted to investigate the effect of soil strength, riser displacement rate and loading mode on riser-soil interaction during repetitive penetration/uplift motion of the riser.     

A hydrochemical and dye- tracing investigation in the Posht-e-Naz Karstic Aquifer, Alburz Mountain, Northern Iran

A hydrochemical and tracer study (uranine injection) was conducted in Jurassic limestone of the Posht-e-Naz area in the Alborz belt to evaluate hydraulic relations between a large diameter (about 100 m) sinkhole and springs and aquifer parameters. A main goal of the project was to find out the source of turbidity of the Emarate drinking water supply spring (SP4) in rainy season. Springs discharge were measured and hydrochemical investigation were carried out. The uranine tracer was injected and eight springs, three wells and the Neka River were selected and totally 989 samples in 107 days were collected. Hydrochemical data demonstrated a relative connection between sinkhole (Sh1) and spring (SP4). The results of the tracing by sampling water indicated only a hydraulic connection between Sange- Nou spring (SP8) and injection point, while the charcoal packets analysis revealed tracer exits from spring numbers SP1, SP3, SP4, SP5, SP8, in wells W1 and W2, and in the Neka River. The concentration — time curves of charcoal packets for qualitative analysis and exit tracer for quantitative analysis is also assessed.     

Ambient Noise Tomography of Jinan: The Migration of Groundwater and the Formation of Geothermal Water

Jinan is an important city in eastern China, with rich groundwater in the region. There are four famous springs in the urban area and an abundance of geothermal water in the northern part, which makes the migration of groundwater in this area a very important issue. To study the shallow shear wave velocity structure and groundwater migration in Jinan, we utilized almost a month of continuous waveform data from 175 short period seismometers deployed by the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, in order to calculate the cross-correlation function. We picked 7749 group dispersion curves and 6117 phase dispersion curves with a period range of 0.2–2 s. Through inversion, we obtained the fine three-dimensional shear wave velocity and azimuthal anisotropy structure (0–2.4 km). Combining the results with local geological and hydrological data, the following conclusions were reached. (1) There are widespread high velocity anomalies in the region between the Qianfoshan and Wenhuaqiao faults, as well as to the east of the Wenhuaqiao Fault, which may be related to the intrusive gabbro known as the Jinan Intrusive Rock. (2) The two distinct high velocity anomalies in our model (referred to as west and east Jinan Intrusive Rock in this paper) may indicate that the Jinan Intrusive Rock was broken through crustal movement. (3) There is an obvious low velocity layer under the intrusive rock, which could be the channel of groundwater migration. The precipitation in the southern mountain region seeps down into the ground, then is blocked by the Jinan Intrusive Rock and can only progress downwards to a deeper part, where the groundwater is heated by the geothermal gradient. The heated water finally arrives at the northern part and forms geothermal water. (4) The depth of the low velocity layer beneath the Jinan Intrusive Rock varies laterally, which may indicate that the depth of the groundwater migration is different beneath the west and east Jinan Intrusive Rock. (5) There is strong azimuthal anisotropy in southern Jinan, with nearly E-W fast orientation, which may be related to the tilt limestone layering structure.     

中国西北东部汛期降水对青藏高原东部春季感热在准3a周期上的响应

利用1960—2010年中国西北东部地区39个气象站的逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR月平均地表感热通量再分析资料以及大气环流各要素场资料,通过多锥度-奇异值分解(MTM-SVD)等方法,分析了中国西北东部汛期降水、青藏高原东部春季感热的周期振荡特征以及它们在准周期循环上的协同耦合关系。结果表明,感热与降水均存在显著的准3 a周期,其耦合场在准3 a周期上表现也最为明显。当青藏高原东部春季感热在青藏高原主体上偏强(弱)时,对应中国西北东部汛期降水的异常偏多(少)。该准3 a周期循环上的协同关系在1960—1982年表现最为显著,1983—1990年为调整阶段,90年代之后又逐渐明显。青藏高原东部春季感热对大气环流的持续加热过程影响西北东部汛期降水,且主要体现在8月。     

基于Spring+Hibernate框架的农业信息化平台系统的设计与实现

集成Spring与Hibernate框架技术构建基于J2EE的Web应用可以提高J2EE项目的可重用性.介绍了使用技术的原理及组合Spring Hibernate框架的Web应用.并给出在该框架下设计的农业信息化平台系统的实现,为相关Web应用系统设计提供了范例.     

甘肃河东春季第一场区域性透雨日期的气候特征

分析了甘肃省河东地区春季(3～5月)第一场区域性透雨日期的年际和年代际变化，指出河东第一场透雨日期与春季降水的关系，给出第一场透雨日期典型年份500hPa的当时场，详细分析了河东第一场透雨日期出现迟早的年代际变化与北半球500hPa环流年代际变化之间的影响和联系。