Antarctic circumpolar modes in a coupled ocean–atmosphere model

Eastward-propagating patterns in anomalous potential temperature and salinity of the Southern Ocean are analyzed in the output of a 1000-year simulation of the global coupled atmosphere–ocean GCM ECHO-G. Such features can be associated with the so-called Antarctic Circumpolar Wave (ACW). It is found that time–longitude diagrams that have traditionally been used to aid the visualization of the ACW are strongly influenced by the width of the bandpass time filtering. This is due to the masking of considerable low-frequency variability that occurs over a broad range of time scales. Frequency–wavenumber analysis of the ACW shows that the eastward-propagating waves do have preferred spectral peaks, but that both the period and wavenumber change erratically when comparing different centuries throughout the simulation. The variability of the ACW on a variety of time scales from interannual to centennial suggests that the waiting time for a sufficient observational record to determine the time scale of variability of the real world ACW (and the associated decadal time scale predictability of climate for southern landmasses) will be a very long one.Responsible Editor: Dirk Olbers     

Atmospheric nitrous oxide observations above the oceanic surface during the first Chinese Arctic Research Expedition

339 gas samples above oceanic surface were collected on the cruise of "Xuelong" expeditionary ship and nitrous oxide concentrations were analyzed in the laboratory. Results showed that Atmospheric average N2O concentration was 309 ±3. 8nL/L above the surface of northern Pacific and Arctic ocean. N2O concentrations were significantly different on the northbound and southbound track in the range of the same latitude, 308.0 ±3.5 nL/L from Shanghai harbor to the Arctic and 311.9 ±2.5 nL/L from the Arctic to Shanghai harbor. N2O concentration had a greater changing magnitude on the mid- and high-latitude oceanic surface of northern Pacific Ocean than in the other latitudinal ranges. The correlation between the concentrations of the compositions in the aerosol samples and atmospheric N2 O showed that continental sources had a great contribution on atmospheric N2 O concentration above the oceanic surface. Atmospheric N2O concentration significantly increased when the expeditionary ship approached Shanghai h     

Variability of Mixed-Layer Heights over the Indian Ocean and Central Arabian Sea during INDOEX, IFP-99

The upper air data collected from the balloon-borne GLASS Sondes launched from the Oceanic Research Vessel (ORV) Sagar Kanya during the Intensive Field Phase of the Indian Ocean experiment (INDOEX, IFP-99;SK-141 Cruise) are utilized forstudying the variability in the mixed-layer heights observed over the western tropical Indian Ocean and central Arabian Sea. During the entire cruise, typical daytime convective mixed-layer heights (roughly corresponding to 1400 LT) obtained from _V and q profiles, were observed to be in the range 200–900 m. Shallowmixed -layer heights are observed, in general, over the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Over the central Arabian Sea, vertical profiles of _V and q demonstrate a double mixed-layer structure of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL), which gradually disappears close to the Indian coastline.     

对印度洋偶极子中海洋环流异常的模拟研究

用高分辨率印度洋-太平洋区域海洋环流模式(IPOM)模拟研究印度洋偶极子(IOD)过程.用观测的1990年～1999年热带海表风应力强迫IPOM,模拟出20世纪90年代出现的两次(1994年和1997年)IOD过程中热带印度洋海温异常的一些基本特征.通过模拟的海洋环流过程,揭示出IOD过程中海洋环流异常的物理图像.发现在IOD事件时,东赤道印度洋上层出现强的向西(负)的距平流窄带,此距平流在赤道两侧向外辐散,且具有向西传的海洋Rossby波特征.IOD位相时在沿赤道的垂直剖面上,存在一个明显的距平环流圈:表层为强的向西距平流;下面为向东的补偿流;80°E以东存在着明显的涌升流,构成垂直环流圈的上升支;其下沉支主要在55°E以西的西印度洋.同时在热带东印度洋赤道两侧各有一个垂直的经向距平环流圈,其共同的上升支在赤道附近.在反IOD位相时,洋流距平分布与IOD位相截然相反,但洋流距平的绝对值较小.由上述距平洋流分布的特征发现,IOD过程中热带印度洋海温异常(东冷西暖)现象,可从水平和垂直海流的异常变化,特别是大范围异常涌升流和沉降流的出现得到解释.     

Shallow-water loading tides in Japan from superconducting gravimetry

Gravity observations from superconducting gravimeters are used to observe loading effects from shallow-water tides on the Japanese east and west coasts. Non-linear third-diurnal and higher-frequency shallow-water tides are identified in the tide-gauge observations from these coastal areas. The most energetic constituents in the tide gauge observations are also seen in the gravity observations due to their loading effects on the deformation of the Earth. Even though the shallow-water tides at the Japanese east coast have an amplitude of only a few millimetres, they are still able to generate a loading signal at gravity sites located several hundred kilometres inland. In particular, the S₃, S₄ and S₅ solar tides occur in both gravity and tide gauge observations. It is indicated that in other shelf regions with large shallow water tides, the shallow water loading signals account for a significant signal, which should be taken into account.Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department (Japan Coast Guard), Japan Meteorological Agency and Hokkaido Development Agency for access to the tide-gauge data. Also, the Global Geodynamic Project Information System and Data Center (GGP-ISDC) is acknowledged for providing the gravity data.     

降水对热带西南太平洋海温异常响应的数值试验

本文应用IAP9-AGCMⅡ九层大气环流数值模式，通过数值试验，研究了降水对热带西南太平洋SSTA(海温异常)的响应。结果表明：海温正异常下，夏季北半球热带中太平洋降水明显偏多；我国东部地区降水正常或偏多。海温负异常下，夏季赤道中太平洋降水偏少，我国大部地区降水正常或略偏少。当该区域SST异常时，从总体看降水对该异常响应最敏感的地区为北半球热带中太平洋、我国华中和西南、孟加拉湾和中南半岛。     

GISS海气耦合模式的基本气候态评估

该文简单介绍了GISS海气耦合模式, 并且利用该模式进行数值模拟, 以此来判断其模拟能力, 尤其是对亚洲地区的模拟。结果表明:该模式模拟的亚洲地区大气和海洋的气候状况比较接近实况, 具有一定的气候模拟能力。同时, 由于其较粗的分辨率, 对计算机要求不高, 容易利用目前国内中小型计算机进行长期运转, 是一个简易的数值模拟工具。文章也讨论了该模式模拟的不足之处, 如亚洲地区模拟的地面气温偏低, 海温略偏高, 青藏高原南部夏季降水过大, 中国华北夏季降水偏少等。     

Travel time of accreted igneous assemblages in western Pacific orogenic belts and their associated sedimentary rocks

Accreted igneous assemblages in orogenic belts maybe divided into three types depending on whether they derive from seamounts, ocean ridges or subduction-related ophiolites. Seamount type basalts are associated with shallow water sediments—mostly reefoidal limestones. Ocean ridge type basalts are generally overlain by pelagic cherts. Subduction-related ophiolitic eruptives, often underlain by gabbroic and ultramafic rocks, are associated with hemipelagic mudstones. The age of such diverse eruptive lithologic assemblages reflects the time taken for them to have traveled from their locus of generation to their place of accretion at a continental margin. This relationship has been established for each type of accretionary complex, examples being taken mostly from Japan and the western Pacific rim in order to represent evolutionary processes at a typical active plate margin. In general, the seamount types are older, ridge types are of intermediate age, and the ophiolitic types are by far the youngest, usually close to zero age. Seamount type basalts are accreted by shallower scraping of the seamount's sediment apron together with fragments of seamount basalt, ridge type, by peeling due to permeability contrast, and the ophiolitic types by deeper scraping as a consequence of an inflected temperature gradient. Accordingly, it is concluded that the ophiolitic rocks are generated close to the trench and may be accreted as a result of ridge subduction.     

国际港口结构抗震设计标准

从设计思想、设计方法和设计步骤等方面介绍了国际航海协会制定的国际港口结构抗震设计标准。该设计标准全面引入了性态设计的思想，对不同港口结构在不同地基基础条件下的地震反应给予考虑。在应用上，该标准同时具有成熟性和灵活性，对于从事相关设计的人员是一种有益的参考。     

印度洋9.0级大地震激发的基频地球球型振荡

分析了中国数字地震台网（CDSN）改造后的余山台（SSE）甚长周期地震仪（STS-1，瑞士生产）观测到的大地震后3天的VHZ波形资料，利用功率谱密度估计方法，在没有对资料进行去固体潮处理的情况下，准确获得了2004年12月26日印度洋地震激发的基频球型振荡，并与地球初步参考模型（PREM）的理论自由振荡周期进行了对比，发现实测振荡周期与PREM预测的振荡周期其本符合。其细微差异可以用来研究和解释地球介质的横向不均匀性和各向异性等现象。